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:
ר Ũ
:
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:
1. ( 1). .
2. ( 2).
3. () 1 2.
1. ,
| / - (- ) | |||||||
| - , | - - - - | ||||||
| - | - | - Ra, | |||||
| 10, 20, 30 40, 45, 50 65, 40 | 3 120 | < 0.8 | 
| Js14 Js16 | 30 40 | ||
| 12, 30, 40 | 8 100 | < 0.8 | 
| Js14 Js16 | 30 40 | - - | |
| 12, 30, 40, 45, | 3 120 | < 0.8 | 
| Js14 Js16 | 30 40 | - - | |
| 12, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50 | 2 100 | < 0.8 | 
| h10 h12 | 6.3 15 | ||
| 12, 30 | 2 100 | < 0.8 |
| h10 h12 | 6.3 15 | - - | |
| 20, 30, 45, 50 | 22 120 | ³ 0.8 | 
| Js14 Js16 | 30 40 | ||
| 20, 30, 45, 50 | 1 100 | ³ 0.8 |
| h10 h12 | 6.3 10 | ||
| 1, 16, 95 | 5 120 | < 0.8 | 
| Js14 Js16 ( h14 h16) | 30 40 | ||
| 16 | 22 120 | ³ 0.8 |
| Js14 Js16 | 30 40 |
|
|
|
1 ().
| 16, 95 | 5 90 | ³ 0.8 |
| h12 h14 | 6.3 15 | ||
| 63, 59-1, 62-1 | 8 120 | < 0.8 | 
| Js12 Js14 ( h12 h14) | 30 40 | ||
| 59-1, 62-1 | 20 100 | < 0.8 | 
| Js12 Js14 | 30 40 | - | |
| 59-1, 62-1 | 20 100 | < 0.8 | 
| Js12 Js14 | 30 40 | - - | |
| 63, 59-1, 62-1 | 2 10 | < 0.8 | 
| h12 h14 | 6.3 | - | |
| 59-1, 62-1 | 3 50 | < 0.8 |
| h12 h14 | 6.3 | - - | |
| 59-1, 62-1 | 3 50 | < 0.8 |
| h12 h14 | 6.3 | - - | |
| 63, 59-1 | 25 120 | ³ 0.8 | 
| Js12 Js14 | 6.3 10 | ||
| 63 | 2 58 | ³ 0.8 |
| h12 h14 | 6.3 10 |
2. ,
| / () | ||||
| , | ||||
| 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 65, 40 | 5 250 | < 0.8 | ||
| 12, 30, 40 | 8 100 | < 0.8 | ||
| 12, 30, 40, 45, 50 | 5 200 | < 0.8 | ||
| 12, 20, 30, 40, 45, | 3 100 | < 0.8 | ||
| 20, 30, 45, 50 | 22 120 | ³ 0.8 | ||
| 20, 30, 45, 50 | 1 120 | ³ 0.8 | ||
| 1, 16, 95 | 5 120 | < 0.8 | ||
| 16 | 22 120 | ³ 0.8 | ||
| 16, 95 | 5 90 | ³ 0.8 | ||
| 63, 59-1, 62-1 | 10 160 | < 0.8 | ||
| 59-1, 62-1 | 22 100 | < 0.8 | ||
| 59-1, 62-1 | 22 100 | < 0.8 | ||
| 63-3, 59-1, 63 | 3 50 | < 0.8 | - |
|
|
|
3
| 2 | 3a | ||||||||||||||||||
| C1 | A1 | A | 2 | C2a | A2a | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||||
| h5 | H6 | 6 | r6 | H7 | js7 | h7 | H8 | h8 | h9 | H9 | h10 | H11 | h11 | H12 | h12 | H14 | h14 | 
| |
| , | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 3 | 0 -4 | +6 0 | +12 +6 | +16 +10 | +10 0 | +5 -5 | 0 -10 | +14 0 | 0 -14 | 0 -25 | +25 0 | 0 -40 | +60 0 | 0 -60 | +100 0 | 0 -100 | +250 0 | 0 -250 | 125 |
| 3 6 | 0 -5 | +8 0 | +20 +12 | +23 +15 | +12 0 | +6 -6 | 0 -12 | +18 0 | 0 -18 | 0 -30 | +30 0 | 0 -48 | +75 0 | 0 -75 | +120 0 | 0 -120 | +300 0 | 0 -300 | 150 |
| 6 10 | 0 -6 | +9 0 | +24 +15 | +28 +19 | +15 0 | +7 -7 | 0 -15 | +22 0 | 0 -22 | 0 -36 | +36 0 | 0 -58 | +90 0 | 0 -90 | +150 0 | 0 -150 | +360 0 | 0 -360 | 180 |
| 10 14 | 0 -8 | +11 0 | +29 +18 | +34 +23 | +18 0 | +9 -9 | 0 -18 | +27 0 | 0 -27 | 0 -43 | +43 0 | 0 -70 | +110 0 | 0 -110 | +180 0 | 0 -180 | +430 0 | 0 -430 | 215 |
| 14 18 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 18 24 | 0 -9 | +13 0 | +35 +22 | +41 +28 | +21 0 | +10 -10 | 0 -21 | +33 0 | 0 -33 | 0 -52 | +52 0 | 0 -84 | +130 0 | 0 -130 | +210 0 | 0 -210 | +520 0 | 0 -520 | 260 |
| 24 30 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 30 40 | 0 -11 | +16 0 | +42 +26 | +50 +34 | +25 0 | +12 -12 | 0 -25 | +39 0 | 0 -39 | 0 -62 | +62 0 | 0 -100 | +160 0 | 0 -160 | +250 0 | 0 -250 | +620 0 | 0 -620 | 310 |
| 40 50 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 50 65 | 0 -13 | +19 0 | +51 +32 | +60 +41 | +30 0 | +15 -15 | 0 -30 | +46 0 | 0 -46 | 0 -74 | +74 0 | 0 -120 | +190 0 | 0 -190 | +300 0 | 0 -300 | +740 0 | 0 -740 | 370 |
| 65 80 | +62 +43 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 80 100 | 0 -15 | +22 0 | +59 +37 | +73 +51 | +35 0 | +17 -17 | 0 -35 | +54 0 | 0 -54 | 0 -87 | +87 0 | 0 -140 | +220 0 | 0 -220 | +350 0 | 0 -350 | +870 0 | 0 -870 | 435 |
| 100 120 | +76 +54 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 120 140 | 0 -18 | +25 0 | +68 +43 | +88 +63 | +40 0 | +20 -20 | 0 -40 | +63 0 | 0 -63 | 0 -100 | +100 0 | 0 -160 | +250 0 | 0 -250 | +400 0 | 0 -400 | +1000 0 | 0 -1000 | 500 |
| 140 160 | +90 +65 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 160 180 | +93 +68 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 180 200 | 0 -20 | +29 0 | +79 +50 | +106 +77 | +46 0 | +23 -23 | 0 -46 | +72 0 | 0 -72 | 0 -115 | +115 0 | 0 -185 | +290 0 | 0 -290 | +460 0 | 0 -460 | +11500 | 0 -1150 | 575 |
2 ().
| 59-1, 62-1 | 3 50 | < 0.8 | ||
| 59-1, 62-1 | 3 50 | < 0.8 | - | |
| 63, 59-1 | 25 120 | ³ 0.8 | ||
| 63 | 2 58 | ³ 0.8 |
4. ( ) .
5. : , ( ).
|
|
|
- , , . , . , . . , , , .
, .
5.1. , , () .
, .
( 3) .
5.2. ( ) 4 5, ( ), ( ), . .
4.
| / | |||
| ( ) | , Ra, | ||
| 12 14 | 5 20 | ||
| 10 14 | 2.5 5 | , | |
| 7 14 | 0.63 1.25 | , , |
5.
| / | ||||
| , | ( ) | Ra, | ||
| ³ 15 | 12 14 | 5 20 | ||
| ³ 15 | 10 14 | 2.5 5 | , | |
| ³ 15 | 7 14 | 0.63 1.25 | , |
5 ().
| < 15 | 12 14 | 5 20 | ||
| < 15 | 10 14 | 2.5 5 | , | |
| < 15 | 7 14 | 0.63 1.25 | , , |
, , .
5.3. , . , , . 6 , , . , , , , .
6.
| Ra, | (H), | (D), / | - (e), | |
| , , - | 50 12.5 | 150 | 2.5 1.5 | _______ |
| 12.5 | 0.15 0.075 | 220 | ||
| 6.3 | 0.1 0.035 | 220 | ||
| 1.25 0.63 | _____ | 0.01 0.004 | 220 | |
| 12.5 | 0.15 0.075 | 220 | ||
| 6.3 | 0.1 0.035 | 220 | ||
| 12.5 | 0.15 0.075 | 220 | ||
| 6.3 | 0.013 0.008 | 220 | ||
| 3.2 | 0.013 0.008 | 220 | ||
| 1.25 0.63 | ______ | 0.005 0.003 | 220 |
: , . , .
|
|
|
5.4. 1: ________________
2Zi = 2 [(4R + H)i-1 + Ö (D *l)2 i-1 + e2 i ], (1)
i ;
l (.. ) ().
.
(i-) , , , (i 1) . , , (, ..) .
. , , . .
, , .
.
, .
5.5. (S2ZD), , (S2Zd), , .
.
5.6. () 2 ( D*) 3 ( d*).
D* = D*min + S2ZD (2)
d* = d* max S2Z d (3)
D*min , ;
d*max , .
.
5.7. D* d* , , . : , . , . 7-12, , , (D , d).
, .. . , 4 ( ) 5 ( ):
Dmin ³ D* (4)
Dmin ³ D*, dmax £ d* max (5)
Dmin ( ), (D) ; dmax , (d) .
4, 5 (D, d), .
7. ( 2590-71), ( 2591-71) ( 2879-69) ( )
|
|
|
| , , | , | |
| 5*; 6*; 7*; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19 | +0.3 | 0.5 |
| 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25 | +0.4 | 0.5 |
| 26; 28; 30; 32; 34; 36; 38; 40; 42; 45; 48 | +0.4 | 0.7 |
7 ().
| 50; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 58 | +0.4 | 1.0 |
| 60; 62; 63; 65; 67; 68; 70; 72; 75; 78 | +0.5 | 1.1 |
| 80; 82; 85; 90; 95 | +0.5 | 1.3 |
| 100; 105; 110*; 115* | +0.6 | 1.7 |
| 120*; 125*; 130*; 135*; 140*; 150* | +0.8 | 2.0 |
. * .
8. ( 7417-75)
| , | , | ||
| h10 | h11 | h12 | |
| 3.0 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.1 |
| 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4; 3.5; 3.6; 3.7; 3.8; 3.9; 4.0; 4.1; 4.2; 4.4; 4.5; 4.6; 4.8; 4.9; 5.0; 5.2; 5.3; 5.5; 5.6; 5.8; 6.0 | 0.048 | 0.075 | 0.12 |
| 6.1; 6.3; 6.5; 6.7; 6.9; 7.0; 7.1; 7.3; 7.5; 7.8; 8.0; 8.2; 8.5; 8.8; 9.0; 9.2; 9.5; 9.8; 10 | 0.058 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
| 10.2; 10.5; 10.8; 11; 11.2; 11.5; 11.8; 12; 12.2; 12.5; 12.8 13; 13.5; 14; 14.5; 15; 15.5; 16; 16.5; 17; 17.5; 18 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.18 |
| 18.5; 19; 19.5; 20; 20.5; 21; 21.5; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27 28; 29; 30 | 0.084 | 0.13 | 0.21 |
| 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 44; 45; 46; 48; 49; 50 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.25 |
: h12.
9. ( 8559-75*) ( 8560-78* )
| , , | , | ||
| h10 | h11 | h12 | |
| 3.0 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.1 |
| 3.2 6 | 0.048 | 0.075 | 0.12 |
| 6.5 10 | 0.058 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
| 11 18 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.18 |
| 19 30 | 0.084 | 0.13 | 0.21 |
| 32 50 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.25 |
| 53 65 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.28 |
: h12.
10. ( 21488-76)
| , | , | ||
| h14 | h15 | h16 | |
| 5; 5.5; 6 | 0.3 | 0.48 | |
| 6.5; 7; 7.5; 8; 8.5; 9; 9.5; 10 | 0.36 | 0.58 | |
| 10.5; 11; 11.5; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18 | 0.43 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
| 19; 20; 21; 22; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 30 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 1.3 |
| 32; 34; 35; 36; 38; 40; 42; 45; 46; 48; 50 | 0.62 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
| 52; 55; 58; 60; 62; 65; 70; 80 | 0.74 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
| 90; 100; 110; 120 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.5 |
: h16.
11. , ( 2060-90),
| , , | , |
| 3* | 0.1 |
| 3.5*; 4*; 4.5*; 5; 5.5; 6 | 0.12 |
| 6.5; 7; 7.5; 8; 8.5; 9; 9.5; 10 | 0.15 |
| 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16*; 17; 18* | 0.18 |
| 19; 20; 21; 22; 23*; 24; 25*; 27; 28*; 30 | 0.21 |
| 32; 35; 36; 38; 40*; 41; 45*; 46; 50 | 0.25 |
. * .
12. , ( 2060-90),
| , , | , |
| 10* | 0.58 |
| 11*; 12*; 14*; 16*; 18* | 0.7 |
| 20*; 22; 23*; 24**;25*; 27**; 28*; 30 | 0.84 |
| 32; 35*; 36**; 38*; 40; 41**; 42*; 45; 46**; 48*; 50 | 1.0 |
| 55; 60; 65; 70; 75; 80 | 1.2 |
| 85*; 90; 95*; 100 | 1.4 |
| 110*; 120* | 2.2 |
: * ;
.
(D, d) .
5.8. , (L), , 700 D £ 25 , 1000 , D > 25 . L 14 h.
5.9. 6, .
k* = (L 1) / (lmax + 2 + 3 + 4), (6)
k* () , ;
lmax ();
1 , ();
2, 3 ();
4 ().
6, 13.
13.
| (D), | ||||||
| 12 | 13 - 30 | 31-50 | 51-80 | 81-110 | ||
| 1 | ||||||
| ------- | ||||||
| 2 + 3 | , | 1.5 | 1.5 | |||
| 4 | ||||||
| 1.5 |
5.10. k* (k). k .
5.11. () 7.
= k V / V (7)
(V ) (V ) . .
.
6. .
7. , .
1. ?
2. ?
3. , ?
4. ?
5. , ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. , , ?
9. ?
10. ?
