:
angled/placed
culmination
we shall put into orbit
regular and cellular telephone
()
/ ,
,
,
,
simultaneous interpretation consecutive interpretation simultaneous, interpreter
escort interpreter
original language
target language
literal translation
booth
turn the microphone on/off
channel
headset, earphones
notes
sound engineer
relay system
short-term memory
probability prediction
( )
()
()
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)
Russian Federation
Republic (autonomous)
oblast' (region)
region (also city district)
national territory/territorial district
territory, region, district
federal city
President
President's Office
General Secretary (formerly of Soviet Communist Party, now used for leading official of the United Nations and of other international organizations)
president, chairman
()
,
-,
( )
(- )
( )
/ ()
( )
deputy chairman, vice-chairman, vice-premier
minister, deputy minister Prime Minister, Premier
Congress of People's Deputies Federal Assembly
Federation Council (upper house of Parliament)
State Duma (lower house of Parliament)
to convene the Duma to disband the Duma immunity of the deputies faction
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)
RLDP (Russian Liberal-Democratic Party)
"Our Home is Russia" Agrarian Deputy Group
The "People's Power" Deputy Group
"Yabloko"
Regional Council
City Council
City Executive Committee
People's court People's assessors Supreme Court Constitutional Court Court of Final Arbitration Public Prosecutor's office Prosecutor General's Office Public Prosecutor Attorney General
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|
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State Planning Committee Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education
() ()
(, )
()
Ministry of Heavy Industry
Ministry of Defense Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Communications
Ministry of the Interior, of Internal Affairs
Ministry for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Secretary (e.g. Secretary of Stale)
Secretary of Defense State Security Service
statesmen/government officials
mayor
mayor's office
Secretary of State (US)
Congress (US)
Senate
Speaker of the House
whip
legislative bodies
the executive branch, executive authorities
the judiciary, judicial branch, authorities
Central electoral commission
universal suffrage
to run for office
to run for office again
to be in the lead, to play a leading
role
to finish, end up
voters
electoral district
runoff election
repeat elections
early elections
nomination of candidates
electoral campaign
ballot box
( )
( )
( )
ballot
checks and balances to conduct negotiations accession to a treaty impose sanctions lift sanctions suspend sanctions
MOU (Memorandum of Understanding)
G-7
OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe)
EU (European Union)
( )
(- )
(- )
( )
//
/
/
confrontation
general and complete disarmament
armed forces
air forces
naval forces
marines
land forces
infantry
regiment
platoon
company
personnel
star wars
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)
deployment on site
verification
verifiable
trial inspection
challenge inspection
commitment, obligation
deterrence
restraint
()
( )
()
() (/)
|
|
|
() ()
()
compliance violation safeguards dismantling
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Limited Test-Ban Treaty
nonproliferation nuclear explosion nuclear tests testing ground/site radar
preventive/preemptive strike counter/retaliatory strike weapons of mass destruction
mutual assured destruction (MAD)
fighter plane
bomber
destroyer
minesweeper
aircraft carrier
reconnaissance aircraft
battleship/warship
submarine
antipersonnel (land) mine ()
booby trap mine
deminer
demining
defuse a mine
shell
shelling
mortar
light arms
munitions
armored personnel carrier (APC)
chemical weapons
biological weapons
hostilities
ceasefire
( ) ( )
()
/ ( )
()
()
( )
( )
- ( / )
(- )
-
retaliation truce curfew martial law
Strategic Offensive Weapons ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) anti-aircraft
Cut-off Treaty (ban on production of fissile material for nuclear or other explosive devices)
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty/Talks)
START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty/Talks)
Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)
MIRVed ICBM (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)
medium/shorter range missiles
shorter-range missiles
cruise missiles
throw weight
warhead
warhead, device
silo
delivery system
launcher
sabotage
act of terrorism
headquarters
joint chiefs of staff
()
()
peacekeeping operation ()
collective peacekeeping force (CPKF)
peacemaking peacebuilding peace enforcement
confidence building measures
( ,
)
()
( )
,
/
, ,
welfare, well-being, social security, social safety net
salary, wages monthly salary honorarium/royalty pay, fee
allowances, benefits, payments
benefits income tax unemployment
employment (full employment)
labor market
job assignment system
piece work
contract, part-time employee
paid leave maternity leave sick leave
to retire (on pension) retiree, pensioner
pension for loss
of breadwinner, disability
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|
|
pension
average life expectancy trade union
,
/
, ,
,
,
,
()
labor legislation labor protection labor safety regulations labor safety devices hazardous occupation
industrial injuries
and occupational diseases
collective bargaining agreement
leasing contract family contract quota setting material/financial incentives
bonus
seniority, work record
promotion
reprimand
dismissal, firing
shift
dependents
skilled/trained personnel
team
plant committee
shop
production/assembly lines
related industry
repair, overhaul
quality control
hiring
overtime work
working day
flexitime
field work
lobby, pressure group
nongovernmental organization (NGO)
nonprofit organization pledging conference
,
,
,
,
, ( )
()
()
()
volunteer
volunteer work
donation
fund raising
health care
poverty line
minimum level subsistence
literacy, illiteracy
nutrition
hunger/famine
malnutrition
drug abuse
drug addict
housing problem
slums
homeless
permanent residence refugees displaced persons
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
human rights
human rights violations
genocide
ethnic cleansing
dangerous hazing by senior personnel (in the army)
aged disabled generation gap life expectancy birth rate mortality rate
,
gender issues family planning pregnancy
,
,
, ,
,
-
,
,
miscarriage abortion cesarian section premature birth at risk contraceptives
condom cervical cap intrauterine device
fertility
infertility
in vitro fertilization
artificial insemination
child bearing, reproduction
|
|
|
conception
embryo
delivery, birth, labor
midwife
weaning
breast cancer
cervical cancer
empowerment
sexual harassment
rape
battered women domestic violence female circumcision civil marriage single mother
child born out of wedlock, illegitimate child
arranged marriage
breadwinner
housewife
divorce, dissolution of marriage
,
alimony benefits child custody
,
, ,
()
Christianity
Orthodox Christianity
Old Believers
Catholicism
Protestantism
Pentecostals
Judaism
Jewish communities
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Muslim (n.)
church, temple, cathedral
synagogue
mosque
Thanksgiving
devotion, reverence
piety
grace
blessing
Mother of God
Immaculate Conception
Last Judgment
Purgatory
original sin
crucifixion
burning bush
Noah's Ark
Promised Land
theology
eternal memory
reward
Incarnation
clergy
World Council of Churches (WCC)
clerical office, orders
priest
cassock
rabbi
mufti
spiritual adviser, confessor
bishop
prior, rector, Father Superior, Abbot
Patriarch
Metropolitan
The Pope
His Holiness
calling, vocation
pilgrim
vow
religious service
liturgy
matins
vespers
requiem
burial service
fast
Easter
Holy Week
Lent
Old Testament
New Testament
Ten Commandments
The Gospels
Holy Scriptures
Koran
prayer book
revelation
atonement, redemption
temptation
confession
baptism
to be baptized
to make the sign of the cross
mercy, compassion
sermon
communion
circumcision
(- )
( )
(- )
(-
- )
compulsory secondary education
compulsory education
preschool facilities
nursery, creche
kindergarten, day-care center
pupil, high-school student
college student
graduate student
graduate
high-school teacher
teacher, instructor
instructor, teaching fellow
departmental/laboratory assistant
university chancellor/provost
dean
professor
assistant professor (approximate equivalent)
research associate/researcher high school
school with after-school activities program
boarding school technical school vocational school
institute of higher learning/college/ university
institute
scientific research instititute (research institute)
R and D (research and development)
law school
medical school
teacher's college
record of marks
A student
A
D
point (on an exam)
credit, pass for a course
to take an exam
to pass an exam
exam period
pony, trot
to apply to a university
to be admitted to a university
to be graduated from a university
|
|
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tuition
scholarship
classroom
go to class, attend class
non-matriculated/correspondence courses
advanced course/refresher course
take/enroll in/register for a seminar
required course
elective course
major
department
department chairman
division (e.g. ,
)
senior thesis
term paper
high school diploma
diploma
academic degree
B.A.
M.A.
Candidate; equivalent of American Ph.D.
Doctorate; Russian highest graduate
degree, higher than American Ph.D.
written Ph.D. exams, comprehensives
dissertation, thesis
Note: does not mean dissertation. is the summary of a report, the main ideas. means a basic assumption, idea.
thesis adviser
discussant at dissertation summary
published dissertation summary
part-time study
to play hookey
14-1*
to get library card library card open stacks
,
,
,
()
()
()
()
/
,
()
,
,
economy
planned, market economy
Common Market
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD, World Bank)
Euro
to fulfill/overfulfill a plan
profitable, advantageous
profit
profitability
recession
producer
consumer
consumer goods
mass consumer goods
consumption
product sharing agreement (PSA)
savings (e.g. in savings bank account)
savings, to save on something/ economize
growth rate
supply and demand
sales and purchase
means of production
entrepreneur
enterprise
joint venture/enterprise
small, medium enterprise
employer
employee
raise labor productivity
cost accounting
production/prime cost/cos price
()
,
,
self-fi lancing
profitable, self-subsidizing
cost recovery
stock exchange/(Am.) stock market
stock market
broker
securities
stock company
stock
portfolio
share
ratio
stockholder
bond
government, treasury bonds (T-bills)
unit fund, mutual fund
be listed on stock market
listing
money supply
equity capital
equity investment
fixed capital
loan agreement
negotiated instrument
auditing
audit
accounting and reporting
limited liability
insolvency
raw materials
natural resources
oil pipeline
pipeline
oil field
oil rig
pumping
oil wells
chamber of commerce
factory assets/funds
payments
incentive
competition
, ,
, ()
,
()
