CuCl2 ↔Cu2+ + 2Cl-
2 ↔ + + -
Cu2+ + 2e → Cu0 Cu2+ -
(-) K: +
Cl- - 1e → Cl0; 2Cl0 → Cl2 Cl- -
(+) A: -
:
CuCl2 + 2 → Cu0 + Cl2↑ + 2
CuCl2 → Cu0 + Cl2↑
3. NaCl
NaCl ↔ Na+ + Cl-
2 ↔ + + -
Na+ + -
(-) K: + + 1 → 0; 20 → 2
Cl- - 1e → Cl0; 2Cl0 → Cl2 Cl- -
(+) A: -
:
2NaCl + 2 2 → 2 + Cl2↑ +2NaOH
1. (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al) (Cl2, F2).
2. (, , , ) 㳿;
3. 뒺 ( . .
/: :
Na2S, FeCl2, FeBr3, HgCl2, CaCl2, KBr, NaI, K2S, CuBr2.
16. .
- : Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr. .
.
Na0 - 1e = Na+
+ 1 1 23Na0 1s22s22p63s1 + 1 1 23Na+ 1s22s22p63s0
:
- - +1;
- ;
- - +.
Գ
1. - ;
2. ;
3. (ρ(Li)=0,50 /; ρ(Na) = 0,98 /.)
4. ( +2000 +280.)
- , ().
ճ
|→ + Cl2 → Me+1Cl
|→ + S → Me+12S
→ → |→ + H2 → Me+1H -1 - Na+1H-1!
(Li Fr) |→ + H2O → Me+1OH + H2↑
|→ + HCl → Me+1Cl + H2↑
|→ + Me*Cl → Me+1Cl + Me* |
: ˳ (Li2O), (Me2O-12)
4Li + O2 = 2Li2O
2Na + O2 = Na2O2
Na2O2 + 2Na = 2Na2O
:
- Na -
- K -
-
- - : a, Sr, Ba, Ra. .
.
a0 - 2e = a2+
+ 20 40a0 1s22s22p63s2364s2 + 20 40a2+ 1s22s22p63s2364s0
- :
|
|
|
- - +2;
- ;
- - 2+.
Գ -
5. - ;
6. ;
7. (ρ()=1,55 /;)
8. (t() = +8510)
ճ -
|→ + Cl2 → Me+2Cl2
|→ + S → Me+2S
|→ + H2 → Me+2H2 -1 - Ca+2H2-1!
→ → |→ + O2 → Me+2O
(Ca - Ra) |→ + H2O → Me+2(OH)2 + H2↑
|→ + HCl → Me+2Cl2 + H2↑
|→ + Me*Cl → Me+2Cl2 + Me* |
- :
- a - ()
- , . : +12 +2.
, . :
+1 +2()2
-
- .
.
NaCl ↔ Na+ + Cl-
(-) K: Na+ + 1e → Na0
(+) A: Cl- - 1e → Cl0; 2Cl0 → Cl2
:
2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2↑
-
. :
- KCl (); ( )
- K2CO3 - ;( , )
- KOH - 볻; ( , )
- KCl∙MgCl2∙6H2O - ; ( )
- NaCl∙KCl -
.
- NaCl (´) (); ( , )
- NaCl∙KCl
- Na2SO4∙10H2O -
- Na2O3∙10H2O -
- Na2O3 - ; ( , , )
- NaO3 - ( , , )
- Na - , , . ( , , , )
. .
- 3 - , , , ; ( , , , )
- aSO4∙2H2O - ;( - - (SO4)2∙0,52)
- - ;( )
- ()2 - , , .( , , , , , - - CuSO4∙52 + Ca(OH)2 )
- 3MgCO3 .
ϳ , , :
Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2, CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4.
:
1. . : Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2.
2. . : CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4.
|
|
|
. .
1. :
Ca(HCO3)2 = aCO3↓ + CO2↑ + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 = MgCO3↓ + CO2↑ + H2O
2. Na2CO3:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 = aCO3↓ + 2NaHCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 = MgCO3↓ + 2NaHCO3
3. 1735Na 1531Na:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 21735Na = (1735)2Ca ↓ + 2NaHCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 + 21735Na = (1735)2Mg↓ + 2NaHCO3
. .
1. Na2CO3:
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = aCO3↓ + 2NaCl
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 = MgCO3↓ + Na2SO4
2. 1735Na 1531Na:
CaCl2 + 21735Na = (1735)2Ca ↓ + 2NaCl
MgSO4 + 21735Na = (1735)2Mg↓ + Na2SO4
17. .
- .
. ( , ).
Al0 - 3e = Al3+
+ 13 27Al0 1s22s22p63s231 + 13 27Al3+ 1s22s22p63s030
:
- - +3;
- ;
- - 3+.
(, ) , - 8%, - 4%
Գ
1.- ;
2. . , . , (2/3 ).
3. (ρ(Al)=2,7 /;)
4. (t()Al = +6600)
, ( - ) 䳺 , , , , , . ( ), (Hg) (Hg(NO3)2).
ճ
|→ + Cl2 → Al+3Cl3
|→ + S → Al2+3S3
|→ + H2 → Al+3H3 -1 - Al+3H3-1!
Al → → |→ + O2 → Al2+3O3 ( )
|→ + H2O → Al+3(OH)3 + H2↑( )
|→ + HCl → Al+3Cl3 + H2↑
|→ + Me*Cl → Al+3Cl3 + Me*
䳺 ( ), :
2Al + 2H2O + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO2 + 3H2↑
.
2Al + 3FeO = Al2O3 + 2Fe
, ( Al2O3). , ( Al(OH)3).
Al2O3.
Al2O3.
Al2O3 ↔ 2 Al3+ + 3O2-
(-) K: Al3+ + 3e → Al0
(+) A: 2O2- - 4e → O20
:
2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2↑
1. Al2O3 - ( , )
2. Al2O3∙nH2O - ( )
3. Al2O3∙2SiO2 ∙2H2O - ( , Fe2O3)
:
1. :
- Al + Cu + Mg
- Al + Si.
2. , .., .
3. - 糿.
4. ( ) 20000C, 쳿.
|
|
|
V- . Fe - d-.
. .
, - , , d- . .
Fe0 - 2e = Fe2+
+ 2 6 56Fe0 1s22s22p63s236 4s2 3d6 + 2 6 56Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s236 4s0 3d6
Fe0 - 3e = Fe3+
+ 2 6 56Fe0 1s22s22p63s236 4s2 3d6 + 2 6 56Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s236 4s03d5
:
- - +2 +3;
- ;
- - 2+ 3+
Գ
1. - () ;
2. ;
3. (ρ(Fe)=7,87 /;)
4. (t()Fe = +15390)
ճ
.
|→ + Cl2 → Fe + 3 Cl3
|→ + S → Fe+2S
|→ + H2 ≠
F → → |→ + O2 → Fe3O4 ( t0 = 10000)
|→ + H2O → Fe3O4+ H2↑( t0 = 10000)
|→ + HCl → Fe+2Cl2 + H2↑
|→ + CuCl2 → Fe+ 2 Cl2 + Cu
|→ + O2 + H2O → Fe(OH)3 ( )
:
1. FeO () ( )
2. Fe2O3 - () ( )
3. Fe3O4 (FeO∙Fe2O3) (,) ) )
:
1. Fe(OH)2 - () ( )
2. Fe(OH)3 - () ( ).
4Fe(OH)2 + 2 H2 + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3
Fe2+ Fe3+
. Fe2+.
1. , - Fe(OH)2:
FeCl2 + 2 Na OH = Fe(OH)2 ↓ + 2 NaCl
2. K3[Fe+3(CN)6] :
3Fe+2Cl2 + 2K3[Fe+3(CN)6]= Fe3[Fe+3(CN)6]2↓ + 6 KCl
. Fe3+.
1. , Fe(OH)3:
FeCl3 + 3 Na OH = Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 3 NaCl
2. K4[Fe+2(CN)6] :
4Fe+3Cl3 + 3K4[Fe+2(CN)6]= Fe4[Fe+2(CN)6]3↓ + 12 KCl
3. KSCN -
Fe(SCN)3:
FeCl3 + 3 KSCN = Fe(SCN)3 ↓ + 3 KCl
1. Fe2O3 - ,
2. Fe3O4 (FeO∙Fe2O3) , , .
3. FeS2 , .
:
1. (3-8 );
2. ( );
3. , , ( ), .
4. .., .. .
110 22 . -, s . - . , .
|
|
|
18. ó .
ó .
ó , , 1%.
ó :
- ( ) V- (). () 1 , , .. +1 ( ), .. -1 ( ).
..: -1, 0, +1. ( .. +1, -1.)
ó () 2 .
- , (r(H2) = 2), (1: 0,019), (Pt) (1: 850). ( ) (!), , , .
ճ
1. :
202 + 2 = 2+12 2V 2 + 1V O2 -
02 -
2. :
02 + Cl2 = 2+1Cl
02 + S = 2+1S
302 + N2 = 2N3+1
02
3. (, - ):
2Na + H20 = 2Na -1 02
4. :
Fe2O3 + 32 = 2Fe + 3H2O
5. :
2 = 2 + 2 → 3− 3
1. :
24 → 22 + 32
2. 䳿 , :
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑
1. ;
2. ; , ;
3. ;
4. 볿 ( );
5. .
VII- : F, Cl, Br, I, (At ). F.
