, .
1. . (, , , ..). . 3 :
1 : (formal), , , , (, , ) ;
2 : (informal), , , , ;
3 : (semi-formal).
, , , , , . .
2. : , , .
3. . . .
4. , : . . , .
5. :
f. formal
s-f semi-formal
inf. informal
() , , , , . .: How are things (with you)?
(/) , .
.: Im very/quite well, thank you.
..: Im very well, thank you; Im quite well, thank you.
. , , . , , . () .
Topic One: Forms of Address
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When addressing people in English we usually call [1] () our friends by their first name, for example, John or Mary.
If we are speaking to someone whom we know less well we use Mr ['mɪstə] / Mrs ['mɪsɪz] / Miss and the surname ['sɜːneɪm] (), for example:
Mr. Brown to a man
Mrs. Brown to a married () woman
Miss. Brown to a girl or unmarried woman
Other forms of address are:
Sir [sɜ:] to a man who is older and / or more senior ['sinɪə] ( ) than oneself. Sir is also used:
a) by shop- assistants (), waiters (), etc ( ..) to their male customers (, -);
by schoolchildren to men-teachers;
b) as a polite [pə'laɪt] () form of address to a stranger ( ). However, this is not common (.: ) nowadays in Britain, the usually way of addressing a stranger (either a man or a woman) is Excuse me, please . In America sir is more common in this situation;
c) in the armed forces, to a superior [sju'pɪərɪə] ( ) officer;
d) as a title ['taɪtl] () (for knights () and baronets), followed by the first name, for example, Sir William.
Madam (maam) ['mædəm] used by shop assistants, waiters, etc. to their female () customers. Except ( ) for this type of situation, however, madam is less widely used than sir. In addressing a stranger Excuse me, please formula is used.
Doctor used only to medical practitioners ( ). When addressing a person with the degree ( ) of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Doctor of Science (ScD), the surname is always included, for example, Dr. Brown.
Professor used either with or without the surname, depending ( ) on how formal or informal one wishes to be. (Simply Professor is more formal).
General / Colonel ['kɜːn(ə)l]() / Captain ['kæptɪn], etc. also used either with or without the surname.
Ladies and Gentlemen to an audience ['ɔːdɪən(t)s] (,;)
Mr. / Madam Chairperson/Chair () to the chairperson of a meeting.
Waiter / Waitress / Porter (, ) / Nurse [nɜːs] ( , ), etc. to people in certain occupations ().
Officer to a policeman/policewoman. If one knows his/her rank (), one may also address him/her as, for example, Constable, or Inspector.
Note (): Commercial and administrative titles such as director and manager are never used as forms of address.
Less Common Forms of Address
Your Majesty ( ) to a king or a queen.
Your Highness ( ) to a prince or a duke ()
Your Lordship ( ) to a lord (peer) () or a High Court judge ( ).
Your Honour ['ɔnə] ( ) to a magistrate ['mæʤɪstreɪt] (Justice of the Peace) ( )
