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, . , , , - , , , .

1896 P. Morgan , . , , . 1897 , J. rr, 1905 . Thomas, . S. Orton (1937), . Critchley (1970), Z. Matejcek (1972) . S. Orton, , , . Schwalb . (1971) .

, , [Strother J., 1973]. , . -. [ . ., . ., 1988], [Schilder P., 1944]. , [Critchley M., 1970]. , , (reading age) (mental age) 20% [Myklebust H., 1973].

: P. Morgan (1896) J. Hinshelwood (1917), [Claiborne J., 1906], [Jackson E., 1907], [Witmar ., 1907; Wolf J., 1916], [Engler ., 1917], [Clapared E., 1916], [Orton S., 1937], [Silver A., Hagin R., 1960], [Rutter M., Yule W., 1973], [Walter ., 1954] , , [Critchley M., 1964] , , [Rutter M., 1987].

, : (specific reading disability), (developmental dislexia). , . ( ) , . , , , .

.

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. () [Clement S., 1966; Peters J. et al., 1975; Tresohlava Z., 1986]; , , [Critchley M., Critchley E., 1978]. , , .

, , , , , . - , ( , .). , , . (minimal brain damage) [Strauss A., Werne H., 1942; Strauss A., Leithinen L., 1947]. , - , , , , . , , . , , . (minimal brain dysfunction), 1962 [Wender P., 1971; Strother J., 1973]. , , , , [Rutter A. et al., 1970]. [Murray M., 1979; Tresohlava Z., 1986; Rutter M., 1987, .]. , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , - . - .

MBD : ) (ADD ADHD) ) (specific learning disability). (ICD-10).

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, . [ . ,, 1982].

. Lasegne (1864) . Larrain (1871) [. . ., 1965], . . . (1933) , , , - , ( ), , , . . . (1936), . . (1959,1965), . . (1959, 1971), . . (1966) . . . (1982), . . (1982) .

, , . 30-50- , [ . ., 1938], , , , [ . ., 1938; . ., . ., . ., 1935; . ., 1959]. 60- [ . ., 1965; . ., 1966], [ . ., . ., 1971]. , , , , [ .., 1962; . ., 1966]. , , [ . ., 1965; .., 1971]. : (, , ), ( ) , [ . ., 1965; .., 1979], [ .., 1968] . . , . , ( ), - , . [ . ., 1982] [ . ., 1978].

, , , , . [ . ., 1934, 1968], . ICD-10 ( ).

, . .

LEARNING DISABILITY

. 60- (specific learning disability), learning disability (LD) . , , , , MBD . , , [Gaddes W., 1980; Satz P., Morris R., 1981]. LD (J. Lerner, , ) : ) ; ) ; ) (, , , .); ) . IQ , [Lerner J., 1993]. .

S. Orton, , , . , , - - [Bender L., 1968; Bernstein ., Stroka H., 1969; Mattis S. et al., 1975]. [Shankweiler D., 1978; Nelson H., 1980; Matejcek Z., Vokounova A., 1982].

. [ . ., 1982; . ., 1983]. [Kaluger J., Kolson ., 1978; Roeltgen D., Tucker D., 1988]. (, , .) , [Matejcek Z., 1976; Gaddes W., 1980]. , . . -, . , [ . ., 1973; . ., 1995]. , , , , ( ) [ .., 1983; .., 1995]. , , , .

- . (WRAT, ITPA, Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, Gates-McKillop Diagnostic Reading Test, Stranford Diagnostic Reading Test). , : (word attack), ? [Cole M. et al., 1989].

, (reading age), , , . , . Myklebust (1967) . , , , . . , , . (expectancy age), , , .

. , . , , , , . . , J. Lerner, : .

, . : , , . , , , .

- . , . ICD-10, 1994 , :

1. () , * , ( , ).

2. , 1, , .

3. .

4. (.. ).

5. : () .

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