CHAPTER I. GRAMMAR PRACTICE
PART 1. (The Verb).
(The Active Voice).
. 1. .
Present Simple (Indefinite) () | Present Continuous (Progressive) | Present Perfect | Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) - |
She works as a nurse. She owns a large shop. | Theyre staying at the Park Hotel at present. | She has tidied her room. ( . , . - ) | , Hes been writing a letter for two hours. ( .) |
/ ( : often, usually .) I usually get up at 7.30. | , She is looking for a better job. | , , . Ive met Madonna. ( , ) He has just bought a car. | , . Shes been crying ( ) |
Money doesnt buy happiness. Water freezes at 00C. | always, constantly, continually . Shes always interrupting me! ( , .) | /, . Ive lost 10 kilos. | , , Who has been using my tooth brush? |
/ ( ) The match finishes at 7.45 The plane leaves at 6.05 | The Browns are visiting us tonight. ( , ). . | She has called on two clients since 12 oclock. | She has been calling on clients since this morning. |
/ .. Jane Fonda acts brilliantly in this film. | His English is getting better. | : live, feel and work Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous Ive been living/Ive lived in Rome for a year. | |
, ( Present Continuous) , Continuous (to see, to hear ..) Dont talk too loudly, I hear you well. | Present Perfect Continuous , Continuous I have known him for three years. | ||
, if , unless , provided that , when , until, till , , as soon as , as long as , before .. : | |||
Future Simple We will send the documents as soon as we receive them from Moscow. . | Future Continuous Ill be reading the newspaper while you are writing your grammar exercises. , . | Future Perfect Ill go to the country as soon as I have passed my examinations. , . | Future Perfect Continuous If he has been working for seven hours, he will be very tired. , . |
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every day/ week/ month/ year, usually, sometimes, always, rarely, never, often, in the morning/ evening/ afternoon, at night, on Mondays .. | Now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, still .. | just, ever, never, already, yet ( ), always, how long, so far, recently, since ( - ), for ( - ) today, this week/ month .. For since Present Perfect Continuous, . |
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, (state verbs), , Continuous. :
1). : see, hear, smell, feel, taste .. ( can could ) Can you see that tall boy over there?
2) : agree, believe, consider ..
3) , , : feel, forgive, hate, like, love ..
4) : appear (=seem), be, belong, fit (=be the right shape and size for sth), have (=possess), know, look (=appear), need, prefer, require, want, weigh, wish ..
(see, smell, taste, feel, think, have ..) Continuous, , :
I think shes rich. (=I believe) The milk tastes awful. (=it has a bad flavour) He has a pet dog. (=he owns) This cloth feels like velvet. (=has the texture) I see youre in trouble. (= I understand) | Im thinking about your plan. (=Im considering) Hes tasting the sauce; it might need some salt. (=hes trying its flavour) Hes having dinner now. (=hes eating) Shes feeling her way in the dark. (=shes finding her way) Im seeing my lawyer tonight.) (=Im visiting) |
. 2. .
Past Simple (Indefinite) () | Past Continuous (Progressive) | Past Perfect | Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) - |
, She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it and posted it. | , He was playing tennis at 4.30 yesterday. | , He had left by the time I got there ( by 8.15). | , She had been working as a clerk for 10 years before she resigned. |
He used to go / went to school on foot. , She called an hour ago. | , . Past Continuous, Past Simple While I was getting dressed the bell rang. | , She was sad because she had failed the test. | , They were wet because they had been walking in the rain. |
, . . Elvis Presley made lots of records. ( , ) | While I was sunbathing, Tim was swimming. , She was flying to Paris. The sun was shining | (He cant find his watch. He has lost it.) He couldnt find his watch. He had lost it. | - - (She is going to the doctor. Her leg has been aching for two days.) She went to the doctor. Her leg had been aching for two days. |
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Yesterday, last week .., (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in 1992 .. | While, when, as, the moment that .. | for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time .. | for, since |
. 3.
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Future Simple (Indefinite) () | Future Continuous (Progressive) | Future Perfect | Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) -. | ||
, ( ) Since its getting dark, Ill turn on the light. | Hell be sunbathing in Hawaii this time next week | , She will have come back by the end of July. : by not until / till Future Perfect. Until / till Future Perfect . She will have finished by 8 oclock. She wont have finished until 8 oclock. | , . By the end of this year she will have been working here for two years. | ||
, , , , , , , etc., : expect, hope, believe, Im sure, Im afraid, probably etc. Im afraid Ill be a little late. | , ( Present Cont.) Ill be seeing John tomorrow. ( , .) | ||||
, . Shell probably buy the dress. () , : He will be ten next year. | , , , - - . Will you be going to the supermarket? Can you buy me some tea? | ||||
, , . Shell probably be promoted ( ) | |||||
Shall I/ We , , . Shall we go for a walk? Who shall I invite? | Will , , , , , , , , , ( think, expect, believe, Im sure John will pass his driving test | ||||
to be going to | |||||
, Shes going to visit her parents tomorrow. | Now that theyve settled in their new house, theyre going to have a party. | , - Ann is going to have a baby. Look at the dark, clouds in the sky! Its going to rain. | , Hes going to be promoted. ( ) | ||
, to be going to | |||||
Tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, in two/three etc. days .., the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month .. | before, by, by then, by the time, until ( ) | By for | |||
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(The Passive Voice)
, , , a .
The planets are attracted by the sun. .
to be (III- )
He invited me to the concert. I was invited to the concert (by him).
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1. , , , . My car was stolen yesterday. ( ) The road repairs were completed last week. ( ) The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police o ) | 3. , , , , , , , , . Taking pictures is not allowed. ( ) The local bank was robbed this morning. () Bred is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. () |
2. . My new suit has been burnt. ( , Youve burnt my new suit. | 4. The Tower of London was build by William the Conqueror. |
Part II
(The Infinitive)
Infinitive | Active | Passive |
Indefinite | to write | to be written (to be + Participle II) |
Perfect | to have written (to have + Participle II) | to have been written (to have been + Participle II) |
Continuous | to be writing (to be + Participle I) | − |
Perfect Continuous | to have been writing (to have been + Participle I) | − |
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1. | obtain these data is necessary for our further work. - . |
2. | His aim is to obtain these data. - . |
3. | The professor asked the students to make the experiment. . |
4. | obtain the reliable data it is necessary to make a lot of experiments. , . |
5. | The method is not accurate enough to give reliable results. , . |
6. | The device to be used has been carefully examined. , , . was the first to apply the new method of work. . |