5.7. , - :
1) 1. the amount must be reached; 2. there must be a close relation; 3. the problem of consumption should be considered; 4. the task is to be executed in time; 5. the information has to be distributed equally 6. the sign needs interpretation; 7. How is the phenomenon explained?
2) 1. It is necessary that the measurement should be accurate. 2. New data make a special test be introduced. 3. The image is bound to be interpreted.
5.8. , - :
1) 1. What sort of life might exist in our solar system? 2. The scientist may choose any method of research. 3. The results can be reprocessed. 4. The error could appear. 5. The task would be solved.
2) 1. The concept is likely to be erroneous. 2. The fact cannot be denied. 3. One would expect the implementation.
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5.1. . , : a distributed-processing network; the organization of distributed-processing systems.
Microelectronics in Data-Processing
In many computer systems today a number of processors are connected together to form a distributed-processing network. Most commonly the network consists of a number of minicomputers, but mainframe computers and microcomputers can also be incorporated into it. Input-output ports and data-transmission hardware are considered an active part of the network only if they are able to process information. Parts of a task are distributed among the elements of the network. Each element works independently for some period of time, communicating as necessary with other elements.
Distributed-processing systems can be organized in several ways. A large distributed-processing system can be organized into a hierarchical structure. At the top of the hierarchy is asingle mainframe computer that communicates with processors in the network at a secondary level, which hi turn can communicate with other processors on a tertiary level and so on. In a pure hierarchy the processors on any particular level cannot communicate directly with one another. Instead communications must be routed through the next higher level.
Alternatively a distributed-processing system can be organized into a peer structure. All the computers are on the same level and communicate with one another on an equal footing. Except for very small networks, however, it seldom happens that every element in the network can communicate with every other element. Instead the hierarchical structure and peer structure can be combined into a hybrid system in which the processors on a particular level can communicate with one another and with processors on the next higher level.
5.2. . . . .
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Microprocessors were the first step toward the introduction of logic devices and it will be possible within a few years for a current large-size processor with about one hundred thousand gates to be produced on a single chip by way of VLSI technology. Such a possibility will undermine conventional computer technology which has advanced via () the effective utilization of simple logic (circuits) serving as a central standard for evaluation. Stated otherwise, a technological foundation is in the process of being matured which will allow computers totally different from those existing today, something similar to artificial brains, to appear.
On the one hand, individuals will be able to have personal computers which are comparable in functions and performance with present day large-size computers and, on the other hand, by Devaluating package systems of various functions which have thus far been considered impractical new computers having advanced functions and performance will make possible the opening of new fields of applications.
( )
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1. off shoot n ;
2. upsurge n , ;
3. dozen n ,
4. upgrade v ()
upgrade n
upgrade adv
5. random a ;
at random
6. access n 1. ; 2.
accessible a 1. ; 2.
accession n
7. peripheral ;
peripheral support circuit
periphery n
8. set n 1. , ; 2. , ; 3. ,
crystal set
fault set
instruction set
microprocessor set
tool set
set v 1, ; ; 2. , ; 3. ; 4.
9. dissipation n (, )
dissipator n ,
10. elimination n 1. , ; 2.
eliminate v 1. , ; 2. , ; 3. ;
11. inevitably adv
inevitable
12. impact n 1. , ; 2.
13. supply n 1. , ; 2.
supplies n pl 1. ; 2. ,
power supply
in good supply
supply v ;
14. timing n
time n 1. ; 2. ; 3.
time-consuming a 1. ; 2.
time v ,
response time ;
run time
storage time
timer n 1. ; 2. ,
15. bus n 1. ; 2. ()
16. imply v ,
implicit ,
implication n 1. ; 2.
17. differentiate v (), ()
differential
18. excitation n
excite v ;
19. corresponding ,
correspond v
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correspondence n
20. inferiorfl , ;
superiors ,
inferiority n
21. range n 1. ; 2. ; 3.
22. easible
23. security n ;
data security
system security
24. exacting a ,
exact a
exact v
25. devise v ,
devisable ,
26. anticipate v
anticipation n ,
27. word n
binary word
code word ,
computer word
wording n ;
28.no longer
long a 1. ; 2.
long adv 1. ; 2.
29. (the) rest n ;
rest n
rest v 1. ; 2. ,
30. acquire v ; ;
acquirement n
31. temporarily adv
temporary
32. resident . ,
33. intelligence n ,
34. appropriate ,
35. shutdown n
36. fault n 1. ; 2. , ,
faultless
37.troubleshooting n ;
trouble n
trouble-free a
38. provision n 1. ; 2. ,
provide v ;
39. crucial a 1. ; 2.
40. adequate a 1. ; 2. ; 3. , adequately adv
41. conversion n ,
convert v ,
conversely adv ,
converter n
image converter
interface level converter
