Biochemistry is the branch of organic chemistry that deals with the processes that take place in living matter. Physiologyplant, animal, and humanis increasingly expressed in biochemical terms. Today we know that blood carries oxygen around the body in chemical combination with the protein hemoglobin. We
describe the working of nerves through chemical transmitters of known molecular formulae. Hormones are chemical messengers that monitor and control glandular functions. And the importance of the sodium-potassium balance in cell fluids is now well recognized.
Much of medicine is also dominated by chemical concepts. Medicinal chemists and pharmacologists design new pharmaceuticals for the control of diseases with reference to the molecular fitting of agent and protein receptor sites. In this way, the catalytic activity of the protein can be modified in the required direction. The recognition that sulfonamide drugs mimicked paraaminobenzoic acid derivatives led the way to the eradication of such infections as pneumonia. Present targets are the conquest of cancer and the understanding of the aging process.
The importance of inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry is beginning to repay the great debt it owes to physics. Materials science is now based on molecular structure. The great advances in physics, electronics, and engineering would be impossible without semiconductors, transistors, and new magnetic materialsall crafted by chemical processes. Astronomy relies increasingly on chemical concepts. A knowledge of the chemical composition of the planets, interstellar matter, and the stars themselves is vital to test cosmological theories.
The geology of our planet earth has been largely determined by chemical reactions in the formation of rocks. Much weathering is caused by chemical processes, particularly reactions with water and with carbon dioxide and oxygen from the atmosphere.
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