.


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, .




It is often rendered in Russian by , , .

Bingknew that if Willoughbydemanded it, he had to give thereport. (Heym)

Bing , , , .

 

Though both the modal expressions to be + Infinitiveand to have + Infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there is a great difference in their meaning. .

25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.

 

The infinitive is used after modal verbs, semi-modal verbs (also called marginal modals) and other modal expressions.

Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should and must) are followed by a bare infinitive:

I could hear the dog barking outside. You must be joking.
He may have caught the train. You should have told me earlier.

 

Semi-modal verbs (marginal modals)

 

Used is followed by a to -infinitive:

They used to live by the sea. .

 

Ought is followed by a to -infinitive:

You ought to know that by now. .
They ought to have insisted on some compensation. .

 

When used as modal verbs, dare and need are followed by a bare infinitive:

Need you make so much noise?
You needn't have been so rude.
How dare she criticise us?

 

When used as a main verb, need is followed by a to-infinitive:

Do you need to use the hairdryer?

 

Dare as a main verb can take a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive:

He didn't dare (to) look back. .

 

But in the expression Don't you dare..., it always takes a bare infinitive:

Don't you dare interrupt me! !

Other modal expressions

Other modal expressions are usually followed by a to-infinitive, with the exception of had better and would rather, which are followed by a bare infinitive:

Will journalists be allowed to ask questions?
Hurry up! The ceremony is about to begin!
Kevin is stuck in a traffic jam, so he is bound to be late.
Negotiations were due to take place later that week.
Smokers are more likely to develop lung cancer compared to non-smokers.
You are not to do that again.

We had better leave soon.
I 'd rather go by bike than walk.

26. The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.

 

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates an attitude of the speaker to the action expressed by the verb (predicate) from the point of view of its reality.

, , () .

 

In Modern English we distinguish three moods;

The Indicative Mood. . .

The Imperative Mood. .

The Subjunctive Mood. .

 

, , , , , , , , , , () .

 

The subjunctive mood shows that the action expressed by the verb, is not the real fact, but only the desire, hypothesis, offer, demand, condition or doubt, realization of which is doubtful, it is impossible (impossible) or suspected.

:

, . - If he were free he would be here.

. - It would be interesting to see him now.

In English, there are 2 ways of the formation subjunctive:

1. should would Simple Perfect Infinitive to.

: I (Subjunctive I), , II (Subjunctive II), .


In English, there are two forms of the subjunctive: subjunctive I, which is used in a simple sentence in the main clause of a complex sentence, and the subjunctive II, which is used in the subordinate clause.

Subjunctive I

(Present Subjunctive), I Future in the Past:

It's a pity you can't come tomorrow. Peter would help you. - , . .

(Past Subjunctive), Future Perfect in the Past:

Why didn't you phone him yesterday? He would have helped you. - ? .

Subjunctive II

II Past Indefinite (Simple), , Past Perfect, .

If I had any free time now or tomorrow, I should do the work myself. - , .

to be were had been :

If I were rich I shouldn't work at all. - , .

If I were you was , should, would:

If I were you I should get that car serviced. - .

2. :

to be I be, you be, he/she be, we be, they be I were, you were, he/she were, they were . , :

If any person be found guilty. - .

Whatever be the reason. - .

The subjunctive mood is most often used in complex sentences.

 

1. The Present Subjunctive should + ' thatto order, to command, to insist, to demand, to request, to ask, to recommend, to propose, to suggest 䳺, .

should + :

We insist that a meeting should be held as soon as possible. - , . ( )

2. ֳ it is important / vital / essential / necessary/ desirable / impossible eager, anxious, concerned:

Is it necessary that the work should be done today? (British English). - , ?

3. 䳺 wish. wish , . (the desire to change things)

Traditionally there are two forms of the subjunctive after wish:

I wish he were/was with us. - , .

I wish he had more free time. - , .

, 䳺 .

䳿, 䳺, 䳺- , The Past Subjunctive 䳺 to be (were) The Past Indefinite 䳺. ³, was wish 1- 3- :

I wish it were Tuesday today = I wish it was Tuesday today. - , .

䳺 , 䳿, , Past Perfect .

 

 

wish. , wish:

Present Indefinite I'm not handsome. - . Past Indefinite I wish I washandsome. - , .
Present Continuous It's raining. - . Past Continuous I wish it wasn'training. - , .
Past Indefinite She saidsomething unpleasant. - - . Past Perfect She wishes she hadn't saidit. - , .
Present Perfect I've lost my bicycle. - . Past Perfect I wish I hadn't (lost it). - , .
Be going to She will keep singing in the bath. - . Wish - was/were I wish she wouldn't sing in the bath. - , . ( !)
Will You will talk all the time. - . Would I wish you'd give her a message for me. - He ?

 

wish 2- + would . Polite or not polite request.

I wish you would shut up! - , !

Wish + 3- + would , , , (wish for the future, be an exclamation, expressing irritation complaint):

I wish the music would stop. - ?

could (To express regret):

I wish they could come to see me tomorrow. - , .

 

, (wishes and hopes in the future tense):

I hope you will live for a long time. (: I wish you would live) - , .

to wish , wish = want, want :

I wish to see the manager, please. - , .

wish : , , ,

I wish he were here. - () , .

I wish he were here. - () , .

I wish he were here. - , .

4. 䳿 (mode of action), if, as if, as though:

I wouldn't mind if he were not so rude. - , .

to be were ( ), was, .

Were as it were (= so to speak):





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