, , . . , (, ). , , , . , , , . , , , 40- . - , , .
. . .
1. .: Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934 (Cambridge, 1979): idem, Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939, Slavic Review 38 (1979). P.377-402; The Cultural Front (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992). P.149-182.
2. (, ..), . , () - , . .
3. , 1897 , 1 : . . ., 1898. , , , , ( , , , . .).
4. . .339. 1897 , , 1861 . , ; , , ..
5. , , : Gregory L. Freeze, The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History. American Historical Review 91 (1986). P.I 1-36 [ . : . // : . . , 2000. .121-162.-. .]; Leopold . Haimson, The Problem of Social Identities in Early Twentieth Century Russia, Slavic Review 47 (1988). P. 1-20; Alfred J. Rieber. Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia (Chapel Hill, N.., 1982). P.XIX-XXVI, idem, The Sedimentary Society, Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia, ed. Edith W. Clowes, Samuel D. K-assow and James L. West (Princeton, N.J., 1991); Abbott Gleason, The Terms of Russian Social History, ibid. P. 23-27.
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6. .. : , 1886 . ., 1913.
7. XIX , ( ) . , , , : . XIX ; , , . , 90- XIX . ( ) .
8. .: . . . 123-124. , , "" , "" " " , , . - Leopold Haimson, The Problem of Social Identities in Early 'Twentieth Century Russia. P.3-4.
9. , (William G. Rosenberg, Identities, Power, and Social Interactions in Revolutionary Russia, Slavic Review 47 (1988). P.27); , , : William G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1974). P.209-212.
10. .: Diane P. Koenker. Urbanization and Deurbanization in the Russian Revolution and Civil War. Journal of Modem History 57 (1985). P.424-450; .: Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Bolsheviks' Dilemma: Class, Culture and Politics in the Early Soviet Years, Slavic Review 47 (1988). P.599-613; : Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front. P. 16-36.
11. XI (). - 1922 . . ., 1961. .103-104.
12. , , .
13. 1917 60% , 40% ( -); , . 20- . . : Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Bolsheviks' Dilemma.
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14. , 20 1936 . C.I.
15. . 11 [24] 1917 . [ .. ..] // . ., 1957. T.I. .72.
16. ., ., , : 1928 . ., 1929. .42,
17. , - .
18. ( ) , (10 1918 .) // . 1918. 51. . 582. 4 ( 13) .
19. : Elise Kimerling, Civil Rights and Social Policy in Soviet Russia, 1918-1936, Russian Review 41 (1982). P.24-46.
20. , 1926-1927 , , , : .. . ., 1987. .208-215.
: -, -, -, [ , , ], . .
21. . 1932. 1. .20 ( . - ..).
22. .. 1929 ( , , ). - (), . 5462, on. 11, . 12, . 37.
23. , 1897 , . 1920 , , - . - - . ., 1979. .24; .. . .47-48, 53.
24. .
25. .: 17 1926 . . . 10. . ., 1929.
26. .: lan Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge, 1990); Joan Scott, Statistical Representation of Work: The Politics of the Chamber of Commerce's "Statistique de 1'Industrie a Paris, 1847-48", Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988).
27. : Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Problem of Class Identity in NEP Society, Russia in the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and Culture, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Alexander Rabinowitch and Richard Stites (Bloomington, Ind., 1991). P. 12-33.
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28. , . , ( ), .
29. : . . 1927 , : 1927 . . 3. .:
(), 1927. .179-180. , , , , . .: (). 1927 . ., 1928. .26.
30. .: R.W.Davies, The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1980). Chaps. 4-5.
31. Kendall E. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, N.J., 1978). Chaps. 3-5.
32. , 1928-1931 ., : Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick (Bloomington, Ind., 1978).
33. .: // - . 1933. 21. .117;
// . 1934. 33. . 257. .: Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934. .: .. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R., 1917-1967 (Princeton.N.J.. 1968). P.221-226. . : , 21 1936 . .2.
34. .. , 6 1935 . VII , .: , 8 1935 . .2.
35. . 1936. 22..15.
36. , 2 1935 . .2. , .., , , , .
37. ( ) (1936)// ( ). 1917-1956. ., 1957. .726.
38. , .. , 60- . , .
39. , , ; , . .: , 28 1935 . C.I.
40. () // .. . .12. ., 1952. .34-39,
41. ( ) 1934 . - . 1934. 9. .2.
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42. (, ) , 5 1936 . ..
43. -. 11-17 1935 . . ., 1935. .60, 81, 130.
44.. - 1937 , , . - . 16 1937 . .2.
45. . Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Great Departure: Rural-Urban Migration, 1929-33, Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialization, eds. William G. Rosenberg and Lewis Siegelbaum (Bloomington. Ind., 1993). P.15-40.
46. . 20 1935 . .2.
47. .. , // , 5 1937 . .2.
48. 1938 , , , . , , 416.
49. , , : . // . 1989. 7. .30.
50. , . 1937 . , (), . 396, on. 10. : Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (New York and Oxford, 1994);
. (. On Bibliography and Sources).
51. , . 396. on. 10, . 121, .1.
52. : . // , 27 1989 . .; , , .
53. 30- , , ; .: . 27 1932 . // , 28 1932 . C.I. 1974 .
54. . : McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union, ed. Michael T. Florinsky (New York, 1961). s.v. passports, p.412; , (Harvard Refugee Interview Project), : Alex Inkeles and Raymond A. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society (New York. 1968). P.73-74.
55. , , , . , , , .
56. , 16 1941 . ..
57. . . 5457, on. 22, . 48, . 80-81 ( .., , 1935 .).
58. ., , 1932-1933 , , , ( 1932-1933 . ., 1934); 1935 , ( 1935 . . 2: . ., 1936); 1933 ( 1936 ), , , 1928 ( . ., 1936).
59. . , 1937 1939 : 1939 . // . . ., 1938. .25-26. 1937 , .
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60. : .
61. (25 1936 .) // .. , ed. Robert H. McNeal (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution, 1967). Vol. 1 (XIV). P.142-146. [ 13 .. - . ( 14-, 15- 16-) , . : .. . .2 (XV) , , , , 15- . . . - -].
62. Ibid. P. 169.
63. Ibid. P. 142. , , ( ) - . .
64. II : , , .
65. ( ) , .
66. - , - .
67. , , , 30- - .
68. . , , 18 1936 . (.1), 20 1936 ., 2- (. 19. .. 1953. .363). , 30- - , .
69. . .. ( - ) // . 1990. 11. .3-17; ( 50- ): .. (1954-1960 .) // . 1991. 1. .10-12.
70. .: .., 1936; 1 1941 . // 1938-1941 . . ., 1973. ..269-276; : Nicholas de Witt, Education and Professional Employment in the USSR (Washington, D. C., 1961). P.638-639. 30- л (- ): , , , .
71. .: Mervin Matthews, Privilege in the Soviet Union: A Study of Elite Life-Styles under Communism (London, 1978). Chap. 4.
72. .: Leonard E. Hubbard, Soviet Trade and Distribution (London, 1938). P.38-39, 238-240.
73. .: Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, 1988).
74. ., , ( ) . : (, , ) , , , . - , . 5457, on. 22, . 48 ( 1935 ).
75. : Robert . Tucker, Stalinism as Revolution from Above, Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York, 1977). P.99-100.
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. 1929 , , , - , . 1930 : , . . 1933 : -- [I]. 1936 , , , , . : , , , ? [2]. , , , , , , , []. 1939 , 40- 50- , , [4].
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