: , .
: , (), , , 1,212 , 3 , .
1879 . (E.H. Hall, 1855-1938) , I , , , . , U I, d :
, | (8.2) |
R ( ), .
. (, n -). j u ( ), (. 8.1). , :
F = , | (8.2) |
(. . 8.1). , .
Y ,
, | (8.3) |
. , .
eE = euB | (8.4) |
, ,
E = uB, | (8.5) |
.
, ( )
, | (8.6) |
b , .
u :
; j = enu; Þ , | (8.7) |
n .
(8.7) (8.6),
. | (8.8) |
(8.1) (8.8),
. | (8.9) |
, . n - R < 0, ( -) R > 0.