, . , .
, V p.
PV g = const. | (3.1) |
g , . Cp CV,
. | (3.2) |
, :
. | (3.3) |
, .
d Q = dU + d A, | (3.4) |
dU ; d A , . 1- (3.4) .
( 105 ) i :
, | (3.5) |
n ( ).
:
d A = dV, | (3.6) |
, , , , . , , , . p = const , V = const. :
, | (3.7) |
:
, | (3.8) |
R = 8,31 /(×) .
d Q = 0, , (3.4), :
d A = dU. | (3.9) |
, , , , (3.5), . : , . .
, , . , (3.2), (3.7) (3.8), g i . i g .
|
|
. 3.1. , , . K, . U- . , , .
. , , V T. , .. . , V , . . 3.2 : 12, 23. , g , .
1. 1, T 1, : 1 = + H, H ; V 1 . 1.
. . r gH, r . , r g .
2. , K (. . 3.1), 2 2 = . V 2 > V 1, T 2 < T 1 (. 3.2, 2). 1 2 , .
1 2 (3.1):
. | (3.10) |
3. , , (V 3 = V 2), (T 3 = T 1), 3 = + h ( 3 . 3.2).
3 1 . , :
1 V 1 = 3 V 3. | (3.11) |
(3.10) (3.11) 1 3
(3.12) |
, ,
. | (3.13) |
, H h ( 10 , H 300 ), : ln(1+ x) x ( x << 1), :
. | (3.14) |
, 12 , . , . , , (3.10) (3.11) .
|
|
: , , 1 2 (. . 3.2). ( 23) h', : h' < h, (3.14) g . t ¥ , h' 0, g 1. t, , h' :
h' = h 0 e a t. | (3.15) |
h 0 h (3.14), 1 2, d Q .
ln h' = ln h 0 a t, | (3.16) |
a , . h' t, ln h'(t) (. 3.3), ln h 0, (. 3.3). h 0, g0 (3.14).
1.
, (3.16) . 3.3, : 1 1. , , H. , , , .
1. K (. . 3.1) , , .
2. , . .
3. , . H 0 . 3.1.
4. K t 1 . t 1 . . 3.1 (, 4,0 t 1)
5. , , h', . 3.1 t = t 1.
3.1
, | ||||||
t 1 | t 2 | t 3 | t 4 | t 5 | ||
h' | h 0 = | |||||
ln h' | ln h 0 = | |||||
H 0 const | á H 0ñ = |
6. . 15, tn = nt 1, = 2, 3, 4, 5. tn, h', H 0 . 3.1. (. . 3.3)