. , :
;
, ;
;
() ;
- ;
.
, - , . . , , , , .
. . . . - , , .
, .
, , , () . , - , , .
. , , , .
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|
. , . ( , ).
, ( ):
1. /Funnel viscosity/ (/ /)
2. /Effective viscosity/ ( ×)
3. /Apparent viscosity/ (c ×)
4. /Plastic viscosity/ ( ×)
5. /Yield point/ (/100 2 )
6. /Consistency index/ (×n ×n/2)
7. /Power Low index/ ( )
8. /Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity/ ( ×)
9. /Gel strengths/ (/100 2 ).
: 5 9 .
, . , , , , , , , .
(FV) , . . . . - , , . , : ( ) ( /). , , , , . , - ( ).
, , . . /shear flow/. ( ).
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. 1 (A B), . , (). /shear stress/ ().
, (, ..), , , . , , . /shear rate/. .1 ()
,
: - ;
V1 - ;
V2 - B;
d - .
(-1).
, ( ). / Fann VG /, , . , .
(), 1 , , /100 2 , 1,0678:
(/100 2) = 1,0678 ´
/100 2 , .
, () ,
(c1) = 1,703 ´
(μe)
, /Newtonian fluid/. /non-Newtonian fluid/. , , .
(AV) 1022 -1, .
,
(/100 2) - 600 /.
, , , 1 /1002 = 0,4788 = 478, 8 . ,
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( ) , , . . , . / .
, (API),
, (×), (). , 1× = 1 . .
(PV) , ( ).
600 = 600 / 300 = 300 / :
PV (×) = 600 300
, /Bingham Plastic model/
1,0678 ´ 600 = YP + 1,703 ´ 600 ´ PV/478,8,
1,0678 ´ 300 = YP + 1,703 ´ 300 ´ PV/478,8,
YP , /100 2.
, , . :
;
;
;
(Poly-Plus, HEC (), Polypac R, CMC ());
/ (O/W) / (S/W) - ;
- .
. , , . . , . , . , . , , . / .
. , , ( ) , . : , . , ( 6 3 /), .
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. , . , , . , .
:
1.
2.
3. ( ) .
8 .
. . , . , , .
, , , , . (Poly-Plus, HEC, Polypac R, CMC) . , (Polypac UL, Polypac ELV, CMC LV), . . . .
- , O/W S/W . , O/W S/W, . .
. , /coiled-tubing drilling/, , , , . . , , , , . , , × , , /. . ( -) .
(YP) :
YP (/100 2) = 2 ´ 300 600
YP (/100 2) = 300 PV
YP , :
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|
YP () = 0,4788 ´ (2 ´ 300 600)
YP () = 0,4788 ´ (300 PV)
( , ) / . , , , , , . . . . , .
: 1) / ; 2) ; 3) .
, , . . . :
1. , , , , /flocculation/ .
: , , - . - , , , .
2. . ( ), ().
3. , . , . .
4. , .
5. , , .
6. (DUO-VIS, FLO-VIS, XCD, Xanvis).
7. (HRP, VERSAMOD).
, . , .
:
1. - (TANNATHIN, XP-20K, K-17), (Phos SAPP), (SPERSENE), (TACKLE, SP-101). , , , .
2. , , , . , .
3. , , : , , , . , , .
( ) , ( ) , , . , , .
( /100 2) (Spersene) ( /). , 14 /.
- . . , , - / /.
- . , (Drilplex) ., , . , (, ) , YP, , - .
LSRV
, , . , 3 6 / ( 5,11 10,22 -1) , . , Q6 Q3 . , .
, (Flo-Pro NT, Flo-Pro CF, FloThru), ( << 1 -1), . 0,0636 -1 (0,3 / 2L) M-I SWACO, Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity (LSRV).
. 2 , , 3 6 / , LSRV.
(). /thixotropic/.
, . , 10- 10- , . , , . , , , .
-. . (.. -) .
:
1. ().
2. - .
3. .
4. () .
5. .
6. -
7. .
. , 10 , 10 , /progressive gel/. , . 10- 10- (Flo-Pro NT, FloTru), (Drilplex). , , /fragile gel/.
. 3 .
, . . YP .
, . , . .
600 / , . - , , , Q600 . . , Q600 . 300 / - Q300 . , , 600 / ( , ).
/ . hysteresis - / ( ). . 4 . , ( ) , . , , , , . , , . , ( ). , . , . . , , , LSRV, .
. - , . , - .
, . . . , , . , / (O/W) / (S/W), . . /High-Pressure-High-Temperature viscometer/, Fann Model 50 ( ), Fann Model 70/75 Huxley Bertram ( ).
API (μe)
(ß) .
() .
/ M-I Virtual Hydraulics/ , Fann Model 70/75, .
, : . .
. , , , .. , . , . 5. , .. .
t , , . , ,
t ,
,
m = const.
. ( m = const). -
/ . lamina - / (. 6 ). , . , , (. 6 ).
(, ) , .. . . , (. . 6 ). .
:
,
: V - ;
D .
. 7 , . . . :
,
: V - ;
D2 - ;
D1 - .
D2 D1 .
, , . , . , , . , , . , , ( ). , . 8. - , , , . , , . , , . .
. 9. , , . , . , .9 - .
. 10 . , :
1. (.. ) ,
2. () ,
3. , , , , , .
. , , , . , , . , , . . . () , :
1. ( -)
2. ( - )
3. ( -).
, , . . , - . q600 q300 , , , . , , . , , , , , . .
, . - ( ) .
, t, t0 ( ). t - t0 . , , , t0, , , .. , ( ). .
,
: - ;
0 - ;
- ;
μp - .
:
,
: Q - ;
YP (/100 2);
PV (×);
w - (/).
, , , (Drilplex). . . 11 . , (True Yield Point) , API (Bingam Yield Point). (Plug flow) . ( , ). , . API - 300 / 600 /.
. , , . 12. , .
, , , , (. 13). .
( - )
( ) , . , , , , .. (.14). , , , , , . , .
,
: - ;
K - ;
- ;
n - ( ).
, , (. 15). n , .
n . , n < 1 n, . 16.
n (. 17):
- n < 1: ;
- n = 1: -
- n > 1: ; ( ).
n . n, - (. .18). (, ) . n , , . , n, , , FLO-PRO NT, .
K ×n/100 2, ×n ×n/2 . , , .. . , K ( , , n).
K n :
,
,
: n - ;
K - ;
1 2 - 1 2 ..
. , Flo-Pro NT , . , , 170 -1 ( , One-Trax). , K n.
Recommended Practice on the Rheology and Hydraulics of Oil Well Drilling Fluids (API Recommended Practice 13D Third Edition, June 1, 1995) K n . , - .
Kp np 300 600 / (300 600). n K (511 -1 1022 1), Kp np
Ka na , 3 100 / (3 100). (5,11 1 170,2 1) Ka na
, ,
() ()
,
,
: Kp, Ka , ×/2 (1 ×/2 = 1 × );
np, na ;
Vp, Va , /;
D - , ;
D2 - , ;
D1 - , .
(.. ), , . ,