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, 8 , 7.1

 

7.1

7.1.1 : , , , ,

7.1.2 , ; , , .

 

, 10 , 7.2

 

7.2

7.2.1 . : 200, 20, 80, 5, 5, 10, 15, 10, 15, 5. .

7.2.2 . : 118, 9, 5, 40, 20, 18, 4, 12, 21, 7, 2, 120, 䳿 4, 280, 30, 126, 24. .

7.2.3 . : 118, 9, 5, 40, 20, 18, 4, 12, 21, 7, 2, 120, 䳿 4, 280, 30, 126, 24. .

7.2.4 . : 118, 9, 5, 40, 20, 18, 4, 12, 21, 7, 2, 120, 䳿 4, 280, 30, 126, 24. .

7.2.5 , , ( . ): 560; 40; 90; 128; 485; 15; 8; 1276.

:

. : 224, 11, 15, 82, 40, 44, 8, 21, 31, 10, 5, 320, 䳿 9, 580, 76, 326, 44. .

: ( . .)

 

= 224 ײ = 31 = + ²+ +

= 11 = 10

= 15 = 5 , ,

= 82 = 320 ,

= 40 = 9 : ² = ײ + ;

= 44 = 580 = 8 = 76 : = + => = ;

= 21 = 326

= 44 : = -

² = 31 + 11 = 42 . .

= 82 44 = 38 . .

( ) -? = 15 10 = 5 . .

= 320 + 42 + 38 + 5 = 405 . .

³: 405 . .

:

. .

() , . , ( , , .).

:

1) , ;

2) , , .

, . ʳ , , () . , , , . , .

:

1) , , , 㳿, , , , , .;

2) , (, , ', ,
, , , );

3) .

4) ().

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:

= ( - ) + ( - ),

; ; ; 䳿; ( ) .

, , , -. , (), , ( , ', , , , .), .

䳿 䳿, - , ' , ; 䳿 .

( ) , ' . :

= + ² + + ,

, ; ² ; ; , ( = ).

. - , , , () .

() ;

1) ;

2) , , ;

3) , ;

4) , , , .

() , , ' () .

. , . , , . , , , . () (), ():

= + .

(²) :

² = ײ +

ײ , , ; , , .

( ) , . :

= + + + ( -)

- , ; ; : (), () , , (); , () ; , ; - 䳿 䳿, ' ; ( - ) .

() , ():

=

() , , .

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= +

():

= +

, - .

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= ( - ) + + + + + +

; (, ); (, , ); ; ; , () .

, (). ³ ̳ ():

= -

. , . ʳ , , , .

 

:

1. / . .., ... .: , 2004, .476-485

2. . / . .., .., ... .: , 2007, .274-286

3. .., .. . .: , 2005, .276-281

4. : / . .. . .: , 2006, .433-442

5. .., .., ҳ .. . .: , .29-50

8

:

 

:

:

:

, , .

, 8 , 8.1 8.2:

 

8.1

8.1

 

8.1

, , ,
     

 

8.1.1 = / ∙ 100%

8.1.2 = / ∙ 100%

8.1.3 = ( ) ∙ 2,5%

8.1.4 = ( ) ∙ 2,7%

8.1.5 = (100 )

8.1.6 = (100 )

8.1.7 = ∙ 100

100

8.1.8 = ∙ 100

100

8.1.9 =

8.1.10 =

 

8.2

:

8.2.1 г 10%, 6%. .

8.2.2 3 . , 30 . . .

8.2.3 10% . 500 . . ?

8.2.4 600 . . ³, 12% . ?

8.2.5 г 4%, 2%. 12%. .

8.2.6 г 12%, 5%. .

8.2.7 12% . 600 . . ?

8.2.8 800 . . ³, 10% . ?

, 10 , 8.1, 8.3 :

 

8.3

8.3.1 г 10%, 6%. 200 . . ().

8.3.2 33 . , 30 . , 5%, 185 . . ?

8.3.3 800 . , 2%, 4%, 9%. ?

8.3.4 г 12%, 2%, 3%. 200 . . ().

8.3.5 27 . , 3 . , 6%, 200 . . ?

8.3.6 800 . , 2%, 4%, 9%. ?

8.3.7 10% . 5%. , 30 . .

8.3.8 12% . 6%. , 2 . .

 

:

30 . , 27 . , 6%, 180 . . ?

 

:

= 30 . . =

= 27 . . = (100 )

= 6% 100

=180 . . = ( ) 2,5

= 100%

=?

=

 

= 30 . 27 . = 3 . .

= 3 . 100% = 10%

30 .

= (10 6) 2,5 = 10%

= (100 10) 180 .=162 . .

= 180 . 162 . = 18 . .

³: 18 . .

 

9

:

:

:

: ; ( )

 

, , .

 

, 8 , 9.1 :

9.1

9.1.1 1995 . 1995 1997 , 1997 128%.

9.1.2 (), 1996 98%, 1995 .

9.1.3 1997 . 486,2 . ., 121,7%. .

9.1.4 1990 . 273,2 . ., 85,7%, .

9.1.5 1997 . 85,7%, 1995 . . 1997 . ?

 

, 10 , 9.2 :

 

9.2

9.2.1 1995 . 1990 25%, 1997 128%. 1990 1997 .

9.2.2 , 120 . ., 150 . ., 110 . ., 130 . . ?

9.2.3 : 1992 . 3000%, 1993 . 10000%, 1994 . 860%, 1995 . 280%, 2000 . 28,5%, 2001 . 6,1%, 2004 . 12,4%. . , , , , .

9.2.4 , 120%, 130%, 140%?. ?

9.2.5 2005 . 2000 75%, 2007 120%. 2000 2007 .

9.2.6 , 300 . ., 250 . ., 210 . ., 130 . . ?

9.2.7 , 130%, 140%, 150%?. ?

9.2.8 1995 . 1990 25%, 1997 128%. 1990 1995 , 1995 1997 .

 

.

 

:

г 2 . 1 35%, 3 98%, 4 120% 1 4 , 2 3 , 3 4 .

:

(1) = 35% Ҳ = 100% Ҳ (2 3) = 98% - 100% = -2%

(3) = 98% Ҳ (1 4) = 120 35 ∙ 100% = 242,9%

(4) = 120% 35

г 2 - Ҳ = ∙ 100% Ҳ (3 4) = 120 98 ∙ 100% = 22,4%

98

Ҳ (1 4) -?

Ҳ (2 3) -?

Ҳ (3 4) -?

³: 2 3 2%, 1 4 242,9%, 3 4 22,4%.

 

, 110 . ., 135 . ., 105 . ., 115 . . ?

 

:

(1) = 110 . . Ҳ = (2) (1) ∙ 100% (1) = 110 ∙ 100 = 104,8%

(1) = 105 . . (1) 105

(2) = 135 . . (2) = 135 ∙ 100 = 117,4%

(2) = 115 . . = ∙ 100% 115

Ҳ= 117,4 104,8 ∙100 = 12%

Ҳ -? 104,8

 

³: 12%, .

10





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