.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


()




. , , , , , , ( ) .

: , , , . , , <1>, , (Crisis Management), . .

<1> . Promotion // . 2001. 3. . 21.

- (Northwestern University,s Medill School of Journalism) , , , , , , PR, , . , 4л [4].

: . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , , .

below the line (BTL), above the line (ATL), (direct marketing), . ( below the line. , , , , , ). , .

(bove the line) , ( ). , , , . , . below the line (sales promotion), (onsumer promotion), (trade promotion). , .

, -, , , . () brand loyalty, loyalty program ( Coca-Cola XIX ) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) , .

? , - ? , , , . , , ,

, /, . .





:


: 2016-11-18; !; : 571 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1725 - | 1548 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.01 .