, . ., . . . . . , - , , - , . . .
, , , , , , . ., . , , - .
1970 . . (covert positive reinforcement, CPR). , , , PR , . CPR , . CPR , . . ., CPR , . , , . PR - . .
CPR . : , . - - CPR . PR , , - . . CPR, PR.
. 4 . .: (covert modeling, ), (covert negative reinforcement, CNR), (covert extinction, CE) (covert response cost, CRC). . . . .
- . . . . . . (The power of human imagination). . , . . , , . PR , , - . CNR , , - . , , - . , : -.
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. . , , . , , - (self-control triad, SCT). SCT , CPR.
. , . ., . , , - .
. , - , ,
. . , . ʸ
(boredom)
. , -, , , , .
. . , . . . , , . . . , . . , . . , - , . . , . , . (stimulus-seeking model). ' . , (), (effort) . , ., , - .
. , . . , - , , , . (flow) , , . 8 . , , . , . . . ; ., , . , , , , . - . . .
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. , - : , - ., ., , . . ; . . . . . .
., . . , , . . , , , , . . , , , (flow) .
., - .
. ( , ) . (boredom proneness, ), 28- , - , . 5 , , - : , , ., . ., ; . . , . . . - , , .
. . , . , , . , . , . , - . - , . , ; . . , . , . . . . , , , . . . . , .
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. , , , , ,
. .
(vocabulary tests)
1994 . Tests in print IV 40 . . (- ). - . , - , : , , . . .
. . . , , . , . - , .
. . , , . . . , , , . .
.
.
(Peabody picture vocabulary test)
175- , - 4 . . , , . : . (., ) - . . , . . , - . . , , , IQ.
, . . , ( ) , , , . . , . , -.
.
.
(dictionary of occupational titles, DOT)
. 1939 . (U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Service), . . . , . . . , - .
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40 000 , . , , , . .
. . . . , ., , -, , ; , -, , ; , - , , ; , - , , .
. ,
. .
(education testing service)
1947 . - - (New York State Board of Regents) () , - , (College Entrance Examination Board), (Carnegie Corporation) . . , - , . , . , - , - .-. .
( -) . 5000 , 400 - . . 90% , . . , (Scholastic Aptitude Test, SAT) SAT/ (Preliminary SAT / National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test), - -. , - , -, . , , . (Law School Admission Test), (Graduate Management Admission Test) (Graduate Record Examination), . (TOEFL) - , , . . . , . (National Teacher Examination) (Advanced Placement and College Level Examination programs).
1960- ., , . . , SAT, , , , . - 1970- . - , . . . .
, . . , , . . , , . 1978 . . . .
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(Center for Occupational and Professional Measurement Programs) . , , 50 . , . (Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Clearinghouse), . , , , .
8% .-. , - . , , , - . . .
. ,
.
(health care services)
, - .
. 3 . XIX ., . .
XIX XX ., . .
., , - . , . . . . (Hospital Survey and Construction Act), . - . .
. . , . , , . . . , . , . .
, , , . - , . - .
() . , . , , . .
, - . . , . .
, .
, , . , . . .
- . . , . , , , . , , .
., . , , .
, .
. . . , .
. ,
. .
(hot line services)
. . . . , . . ., . . . , . . . . , , , .
. . . . , , . - , , . .
. . . , , . , . . . : - , ., , . . . .
. , ,
.
(auditory discrimination)
. . . : , . . , .
20 20 000 . 1000 2000 ; , , .
1000 . 3 ; 1000 , 0,20,3% . , - . . , (, Δ f). . . , Δ f / f , f . 1000 Δ f / f ( ) 0,003; 1000 . . ., . , 2000 . 1500 , .