: 1. .
2. .
: Petroleum products and their uses.
1. :
h y drocarbon, l i ght, dev i ce, volat i le, b i nder, bes i des, ref i ne
n u mber, r u bber, ind u strial, s o me, prod u ct, comb u stion, th u s
c a ll, or der, au tomobile
f u el, u sed, resid u al, prod u ce, p u rify
ran g e, j et, en g ine, sub j ect
proje c t, c orrosion, c arbon, fra c tion, c ontain, vis c ous, fabri c, me ch anism,
ch emical, a cc ordingly, vis c osity
va s eline, medi c ine, furna c e, ba s e, pro c e ss ing, prin c ipal, electri c ity
2. , :
petroleum [ ], hydrocarbon [ ], molecular [ ], separate [ ], yield [ ], naphtha [ ], kerosene [ ], viscous [ ], residual [ ], internal [ ], combustion [ ], engine [ ], solvent [ ], lubricant [ ], mechanism [ ], automobile [ ], industrial [ ], non-volatile [ ], furnace [ ], paraffin [ ], impregnate [ ], vaseline [ ], commercial [ ], protect [ ], ointment [ ].
3. :
carbon
hydrocarbon
molecular weight
boil ,
boiling point
yield ; ();
naphtha ,
light oil
distill ;
residual oil
internal combustion engine
fuel ;
principal ,
grade ,
petrol -
respectively -
range ,
solvent -
remove -
greasy ,
stain
fabric ,
jet aircraft
lubricant ,
for instance
viscosity -
accordingly , ,
non-volatile ,
oil tar
binder
subject -
processing -
furnace fuel
solid ;
wax -
impregnate -
water-proof ,
commercial , ,
goods ,
purify -
ointment
4. :
| 1) mixture of hydrocarbons 2) molecular weight 3) boiling point ranging from to 4) viscous black liquid 5) internal combustion engine 6) to use as a solvent 7) to remove greasy stains 8) different viscosity 9) to divide into 10) non-volatile mass 11) to be subject to processing | 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) |
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5. :
a mixture of hydrocarbons, boiling points, to yield petrol, carbon atoms, viscous black liquid, to boil within the 40-180 degrees C range, to use as a solvent, to serve as fuel, to distill from the residual oil, liquid furnace fuel, to make candles, to impregnate paper, in order to make smth, to grease metal goods.
6. :
different fractions, oil products, aviation petrol, motor fuel, kerosene is used as fuel for tractors and rockets, in the absence of electricity, diesel engines, distillation of residual oil, to lubricate different mechanisms, automobile oil, industrial lubricant, non-volatile dark mass, chemical processing, to produce petrol, paraffin wax, to use in medicine, that is known as vaseline, commercial vaseline, to protect from corrosion, as a base for smth.
7. , :
boil boiler boiling; distill distillation distiller; contain container; produce production producer; remove remover; light lightning lighter; add additional addition; to differ difference different differentiate differently differentiation; depend dependable dependency dependent; refine refined refinement refinery; protect protection protective protector protectionism.
8. process .
1. Residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol. 2. All cracking processes produce a certain amount of light gas much of which is reactive. 3. Due to the progress made in this branch, it has become possible to study the processes connected with fission and fusion of the atomic nuclei, and to carry out such processes artificially.
9. :
the Passive Voice to be , II .
:
1) : The letter was written. .
2) - : I was asked. .
3) -, -: Petrol is also used as a solvent.
- .
Indefinite Perfect (Present, Past, Future), Continuous (Present Past).
Indefinite Continuous Perfect
Present I am asked I am being asked I have been asked
Past I was asked I was being asked I had been asked
Future I shall be asked - I shall have been asked
, :
1. When these oil products have been distilled off, there remains a viscous black liquid called residual oil. 2. Petrol is used as fuel for internal combustion engines; the principal two grades are aviation petrol and motor fuel, which are used for aircraft and motor cars respectively. 3. Petrol is also used as a solvent for oils and rubber. 4. Kerosene is used as fuel for tractors. 5. In the absence of electricity kerosene is used for lighting. 6. They are used to lubricate different engines.
7. Lubricants are thus divided into automobile oil, aircraft oil, etc. 8. After the lubricants have been distilled off from the residual oil there remains a non-volatile dark mass called oil tar, which is used as a road binder. 9. Residual oil is subjected to chemical processing to produce petrol and is used as a liquid furnace fuel. 10. From some grades of petroleum it is also possible to prepare a mixture of solid hydrocarbons, which is known as paraffin wax. 11. This is used to make candles.
12. There is also a mixture of liquid and solid hydrocarbons that is known as vaseline. 13. Commercial vaseline is used to grease metal goods. 14. Purified vaseline is used in medicine as a base for ointments.
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10. , , :
1. Most of the physical quantities are related to length, time and mass, therefore all the systems of physical units are defined from these fundamental units. 2. It is planned to solve the worlds energy problem with the technological means at our disposal. 3. In the thirties some solar energy cycles were discovered. These cycles are based on nuclear fusion. 4. The technological process is so complicated that only the basic principle of its action will be outlined here. 5. Suitable fuels could be provided by heavy and superheavy hydrogen. 6. Another interesting effect was observed during the experiment. 7. The standard meter of the world was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. 8. Only small quantities of iron, copper and aluminum are used in the pure form. 9. A great majority of useful metallic materials is formed from combinations of the above metals, known as alloys (). 10. Metals are usually mixed in their liquid state to form an alloy.
11. Liquid fuels are largely used in industry and transport. 12. Plastics are a new material which is produced of chemicals. 13. Glass has some properties which have been recently discovered. 14. Since rubidium and cesium are easily ionized at rather low temperatures, they offer great potential. 15. Since ancient times, it has been known that silicous materials were suitable for glass-making. 16. The fats and oils are ethers () of special class, as much as all are derived from glycerol.
17. Semiconductors () can be frozen, for all practical purposes, at room temperatures. 18. If the crystals are stored under pressure, they are forced into contact and may even be crushed. 19. Various items of crystallization equipment are divided into three main groups: cooling, evaporating and vacuum crystallizers.
20. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. 21. Liquid fuels are derived from petroleum. 22. In general natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels.
