Windows, , , , , .
1. 8- . Unicode , printf, atoi strcmp, char ( CHAR) .
2. 8- , Unicode. , UNICODE _UNICODE . .
3. Unicode. , UNICODE _UNICODE. , . Windows 9x.
4. Unicode 8- . Unicode, ASCII-, , , .
, , , .
. 2.2 , , .
POSIX XPG4, UNIX, Unicode. , 4, 3 1 , .
Microsoft , , . , <wchar.h> _tsetlocale. Windows NT Unicode, Windows 9x ( 8 16- ), Windows 3.1.
/
UNIX, Windows , , , (input), (output) (error). UNIX (0, 1 2), Windows HANDLE, .
HANDLE GetStdHandle(DWORD nStdHandle)
: , INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE.