MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORT
OF UKRAINE
Kyiv National Linguistic University
Project Work in English Lexicology
THE SOURCES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Ianatieva Victoria
Group 315
Translators/Interpreters Department
Research supervisor:
V.G. Nikonova
Professor, Doctor of Philology
Kyiv 2012
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF THE PROBLEM
Phraseological unit / set expression / idiom a complex word-equivalent in which the globality of nomination reigns supreme over the formal separability of elements. It is reproduced in speech.
Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed, according to the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according to their structure and according to their part-of-speech meaning. A.V. Koonin classified phraseological units according to the way they are formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming phraseological units. Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group: a) The most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: launching pad in its terminological meaning is , in its transferred meaning - , to link up - c, in its tranformed meaning it means -; b) a large group of phraseological units was formed from free word groups by transforming their meaning, e.g. granny farm - , Troyan horse - , ;
c) phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e.g. a sad sack - , culture vulture - , , fudge and nudge - .
d) they can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e.g. My aunt!, Hear, hear!etc.
e) they can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e.g. odds and ends was formed from odd ends,
f) they can be formed by using archaisms, e.g. in brown study means in gloomy meditation where both components preserve their archaic meanings, g) they can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e.g. that cock wont fight can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically, h) they can be formed when we use some unreal image, e.g. to have butterflies in the stomach - , to have green fingers - - etc. i) they can be formed by using expressions of writers or polititions in everyday life, e.g. corridors of power (Snow), American dream (Alby) locust years (Churchil), the winds of change (Mc Millan).
Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are: conversion, e.g. to vote with ones feet was converted into vote with ones feet; b) changing the grammar form, e.g. Make hay while the sun shines is transferred into a verbal phrase - to make hay while the sun shines;
c) analogy, e.g. Curiosity killed the cat was transferred into Care killed the cat; d) contrast, e.g. cold surgery - a planned before operation was formed by contrasting it with acute surgery, thin cat - a poor person was formed by contrasting it with fat cat; e) shortening of proverbs or sayings e.g. from the proverb You cant make a silk purse out of a sows ear by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit to make a sows ear was formed with the meaning .
f) borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e.g. living space (German), to take the bull by the horns (Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings meche blanche (French), corpse delite (French), sotto voce (Italian) etc.
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The vast majority of phraseology as word originates from the indigenous Ukrainian. Among them are Common, Common East and actually Ukrainian.
The Ukrainian phraseology are also clichéd phrases learned from other languages. Very often this expression, common in many languages. The Ukrainian phraseology statements included Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, turnovers sports and government documents. Most learned the Ukrainian language idiomatic phrases from Russian - speech Lenin, Russian writers, idiom of popular speech.
Western European languages - German, French, English, Italian and others.
Basically, an inexhaustible source of Ukrainian phraseological is the national language, which is characterized by accuracy, imagery. It is accurate, metaphorical expressions are well-established and replenish stocks phraseological language. A lot phraseological industrial - occupational origin.
Several phraseology is witty sayings with anecdotes, jokes and other genres of oral folklore: not to salt out zilch, grow pears on willow.
Key words and expressions from the text:
1) Alliteration-
2) fudge and nudge-
3) launching pad-
4) by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit-
5) fudge and nudge-
6) culture vulture- ,
7) to have butterflies in the stomach-
8) cold surgery- 㳿
9) living space-
10) accuracy-
