, , : . , , , .
, , . . . 1970- , . , . (Brickman & others, 1978; Chwalisz & others, 1988; Schultz & Decker, 1985). , , , . : . .
, , , . (Marshall Dermer, 1979) - .
1900- , . - (Jennifer Crocker & Lisa Gallo, 1985) : , : , ..., ,
, .
, , 1665
12. : ■ 499
, : ... , , , , (Gibbons & Gerrard, 1989; Keis & others, 1993; Taylor, 1989). , , , .