, 1940- . 1942 : (Hymaan & Sheatsley, 1956). . 1942 ( ) ; 1980 90%. , 1942 , , .
1940- , (Kennet Clark & Mamie Clark, 1947) , . 1954 , ,
, , , .
438 ■ III.
. . . , . 1950-1970- . , , (Jackman & Senter, 1981; Smedley & Bayton, 1978).
, , ? . , , . , .
, , . 11-1, . , , ... (Moore, 1993). , . 1980- 1990- ( , , ) , (Goleman, 1009; Herek, 1990; Levine, 1990). : , . .
, .
. 11-1.