. , , . , . , , .
. , - , , , . 10 15 . . < >, , , .
, , , . . , - < > , , , . 1986 . , . . 90%, 40 . . .
, , , , , , , , . , . 1986 . 25 . . . , .
: Aaron Bernstein and Matt Rothman,. Business Week, May 11,1987, p. 84.
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1. Marvin E. Shaw, Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior (New York; McGraw-Hill, 1971), p.107.
2. M. A. Verespet,, Industry Week, October 1981, pp. 6-72.
3. W.E. Burrows,, Psychology Today, vol. 16, no. 11 (November 1982), p. 43.
4. Elton Mayo, TheHuman Problems of an Industrial Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1933), chaps. 3-5.
5. Ibid., p. 74.
6. F. J. Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson, Management and the Worker (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1949), p. 419.
7. Milton L. Blum and James C. Naylor, Industrial Psychology (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), p. 313.
8. William G. Scott and T. R. Mitchell, Organization Theory: A Structural and Behavioral Analysis (Homewood, III.: Irwin, 1972), p. 28.
9. Alex Carey,, American Sociological Review, June 1967, pp. 403-414.
10. Leonard S. Sayles and George Strauss, Human Behavior in Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966), p. 89.
11. Elton Mayo,, Journal of Personnel Research, March 1923.
12. David L. Ford, Jr.,, Journal of Management, vol. 11 (Fall-Winter 1985), pp. 5-20; John P. Wanous, Arnon E. Reichers, and S. P. Mallik,, Academyof Management Review, vol.9 (October 1984), pp. 670-683; Paul S. Goodman, Designing Effective Work Groups (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986), pp. 192-193.
13. D. M. Kipnis, Crews as a Determinant of Sociometric Choice>, Human Relations, vol. 10 (1957), pp. 263-270.
14. Clayton P. Alderf and Ken K, Smith,, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 27 (March 1982), pp. 35-65.
15. Lawreace S. Wrishtsman, Social Psychohgy in the Seventies (Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1972), pp. 418-419.
16. William Scott,, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 4 (1961), pp. 7-26.
17. Kenneth D. Benne and Paul Sheats,, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 4 (1948), pp. 41-49.
18. George . Homans, The Human Group (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1950).
19. Scott, op. cit; Keith Davis, Human Behavior at Work (New Yoric MrGraw-Hill, 1977).
20. Davis, op.dt, p. 273.
21. R.C. Davis, Fundamentals of Top Management (New York: Harper & Row, 1951); Keith Davis, Human Relations in Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957).
22. R. Tillman,, Harvard Business Review, vol. 38 (1960), pp. 6-S,
23. G.E. Manners, Jr., Consensus>, Acadmy of Management Journal, vol. 18, no. 4 (1975), pp. 715-724; EJ. Thomas and OF. Fink,, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 60 (1963), pp. 371-384.
24. R. Hackman and N. Vidmar,, Sociometry, vol 33 (1970), pp. 37-54; P.E. Slater, of Group Size>, Sociametry, vol. 21 (1958), pp. 129-139.
25. L.R. Hoffman,, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol. 58 (1959), pp. 27.32; L.R. Hoffman and N.R. Maier,, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol. 62 (1961), pp. 401-407; E.E. Chiselli and T.M. Lodahl,, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol. 57 (1958), pp. 61-66.
26. John . Miner, The Management Process (New York- Macmillan, 1973), pp. 194-195.
27. Mark Alexander,, The 1977 Handbook for Group Facilitators (La Jolla, Calif.: University Associate>, 1977), p. 123.
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28. Andre P.C De La Pone, team>. Personnel, September-October 1974, pp. 60-67.
29. Ibid; K.N. Werieyand GA Yuki, Organizational Behavior and Personnel Psychology (Homewood, ,: Irwin, 1977).
30. Irving Janis, Group Think (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1972).
31. P.A. Collaros and L.R. Anderson,, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 53 (1969), pp. 159-163; E.P. Torrance,, in Small Groups: Studies in Social Interaction, ed. A.P. Hare, E.F. Borgatta, and R.F. Bells (New York: Knopf, 1955), pp. 482-491.
32. Richard . Pascale and Anthony G. Athos, The Art of Japanese Management (New York Warner Books, 1981), pp. 198-199.
33. Leland P. Bradford, Making Meetings Work (La Jolla, Calif.: University Associates, 1976).
34. Rose Ragsdale,, San Francisco Examiner, December 7,1986, pp. Dl.4.
35. Cyril O'Donnell,, Management Review, vol. 50, no. 10 (October 1961), pp. 63-67.
36. . Northcote Parkinson, Paridnson's Law and Other Studies in Administration (Boston: IIougtiton-Mifflin, 1957).