. : , , () , .
.
(). (, ) , , (, ) . ,
+ b =dD
:
=(m,0 - m)/ m,0 =(n,0 - n) / n,0 = (v,0 v) / v,0 (1.3.1)
=(m,0 m)/ m,0 =(n,0 n) / n,0 = (v,0 v) / v,0
m,0, m,0, n,0, n,0, v,0, v,0 , , m, m, n, n, v, v .
, =. , , , , . α ,
= α (1.3.2)
, (, /3) (ω, %) :
,0 = n,0/v , = n,/v; ω,0 = (v,0 / v) *100 ω = (v / v) *100 (1.3.3)
,
=(,0 ) /(,0 ε) (1.3.4)
ε .
(, , , ) , , , ..
.
(, ) .
n ( m) n ( m), , 1:
= n/ n = m / m (1.3.5)
, , + →D, D ( D()) ( D()). , D() ≠ D()
(.. ) .
. 1. , (3.5) n , n*, .< 1. *
|
|
. = n*/ n =*. (1.3.6)
, n , , n*:
= n /n* = /* (1.3.7)
. , .
.
, , . .
- - , v ( ) S ( ).
, Δτ = τ2 τ1 :
Ū =(n2 n1) / [ύ (τ2 τ1)] = Δn /(ύ* Δτ) (1.3.8)
n1, n2 τ1 τ2 ;
ύ .
.
Δτ=0 , . :
U =lim Δn/v* Δτ =(1/ v) (dn/ dτ) (1.3.9)
: ) ; ) .
, , , .
, (3.9) , - . , .
, , . ,
nί /v =ί, .. , :
U = d ί / dτ (1.3.10)
ί :
U' = d ί,/ dτ (1.3.11)
:
U" = d ί,/ dτ (1.3.12)
, , S:
U = (1/S)(dnί,/ dτ) (1.3.13)
- m :
U = (1/m)(dnί,/ dτ) (1.3.14)
, , , , , , , - .
|
|
:
U = d/dτ = *Δ (1.3.15)
; Δ .
(k1), (k2) (kn1, kn2) , (D1, D2) ((D'1, D'2):
=f (k1, k2,, kn1, kn2,.. D1, D2 D'1, D'2) (1.3.16)
, , . . , , , :
=f (k1, k2,, kn1, kn2 .) (1.3.17)
, , (, ):
=f (D1, D2 D'1, D'2) (1.3.18)
(1, 2..) (*1, *2) , . , . →
Δ = (1.3.20)
(3.15) :
U = = *Δ = k1 (1.3.21)
.
() , . () ().
φ, , , . , →b →dD, , φ, :
φ, = (/b)n /(n,0 n) =(/b)n / (/b) n +(/d) nD) (1.3.22)
, () φ, (3.22) (3.23) (3.24):
= (n,0 n)/ n,0 (1.3.23)
() =(/b) n/ n,0 (1.3.24)
φ, = () (1.3.25)
. , , :
φ, = U / U (1.3.26)
φ, . . :
φ', = U / UD (1.3.27)
.
() .
, , . . . , →b η :
|
|
η = /(b ω,) (1.3.28)
; ω, , %.
, (), φ,:
η = η /( φ,) = η/ () (1.3.29)
. η/ η . , .
1.3.4 .
. , . . . , (∑mi) ( ) () (∑mj) ():
(∑mi) =(∑mj) (1.3.30)
i =1 j =1
1 . (, ), (, ).
, , .
.
. , . , .
.
, , , , , . , , .
, .
1.3.5 .
, , , , .
, . , , . :
Q + Q' + Q' + Q = Q + Q" + Q" + Q (1.3.31)
Q Q , ; Q' Q" , (') (") ; Q' Q" (') (") ; Q Q , .
|
|
.
Q Q :
Q = ∑miit,i (1.3.32)
i =1
Q = ∑mj,j, t,j (1.3.33)
j =1
mi, mj (, ) , / (3/, /); i, j , /(*); t,I, t,j , ; , , .
Q' Q", (, , ) (, ) , :
n
Q == ∑miqi (1.3.34)
i=1
mi (, ) i-, , / (3/, /); qi i-, /.
:
n
Q = ∑miqi (1.3.35)
i=1
mi (, ) i-, , / (3/, /); qi , /.
Q Q , Q :
Q =FΔ (1.3.36)
, /(2*); F , 2; Δ ( .).
. , , F.
, .