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: 100




 

1981 . . 100 (, . ), . , , . 100 , , .

300 , 25% . . , 79% , .

100 , . 25 , 25 , 15 . , .

, 100 , 100. , 150 , . , , , 600 , (, ).

100 14,7%. . , 86% , , 81% , . , 100 , 40%, 14,5%.

? , - : , . 18 , , . 200 . ., , .

: Daniel . Boyle, The 100 Club, Harvard Business Review, March-April 1987, pp. 26 27.

 

1. 100 ?

2. 100 .

3. 100?

 

 

1. Elton Mayo, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (Boston: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1946).

2. Edgar Shein, Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970).

3. Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch, Developing Organizations: Diagnosis and Action (Reading, Mass.: AddisonWesley, 1969), pp. 68-69.

4. Stephen J. Carroll and Henry L. Tosi, Organizational Behavior (Chicago: St. Claire Press, 1977), p. 80.

5. Terence R. Mitchell, Motivation, New Directions for Theory, Research, and Practice, Academy of Management Review, vol. 7, no. 1 (1982), p. 85.

6. Abraham Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, no. 50 (1943), pp. 370-396.

7. H. A. Murray, Explorations in Personality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968).

8. Calvin S. Hall and Gardner Lindsey, Theories of Personality (New York: Wiley, 1957), p. 326.

9. Maslow, op, cit.

10. Terence R. Mitchell, People in Organizations (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), p. 157.

11. Mason Haire, E. Ghiselli, and L. Porter, Managerial Thinking: An International Study (New York: Wiley, 1966).

12. Geert Hofstede, Motivation, Leadership and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad? Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1980, pp. 42-66.

13. M. A. Wahba and L. G. Bridgewell, Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol. 15 (1976), pp. 212-240.

14. Edward E. Lawler, Motivation in Work Organizations (Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1973).

15. Mitchell, People in Organizations.

16. David C. McClelland, The Two Faces of Power, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 24 (1970), pp. 30-41.

17. Ibid., p. 30.

18. F. Herzberg, . Mauser, and . . Snyderman, The Motivation to Work (New York: Wiley, 1959).

19. Frederick Herzberg, One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, January-Febrary 1968, pp. 56-57.

20. Robert House and L. A. Wigdor, Herzberg's Dual Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction and Motivation: A Review of the Evidence and a Criticism, Personnel Psychology, vol. 20 (1967), pp. 369-389.

21. Don Hellriegal and Jojn W. Slocum, Management: Contingency Approaches, 2nd ed. (Reading, Mass.: Addison- Wesley, 1978), p. 346.

22. Victor H. Vroom, Work and Motivation (New York: Wiley, 1964); Lyman W. Porter and Edward E. Lawler, Managerial Attitudes and Performance Homewood, III.: Irwin, 1968).

23. J. S. Livingston, Myth of the Well-Educated Manager, Harvard Business Review, vol. 49 (January-February 1971), pp.79-89.

24. Terence R. Mitchell, Expectancy Models of Job Satisfaction, Occupational Preference and Effort: A Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Appraisal, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 81 (1974), pp. 1053-1077;

Robert J. House, H. Jack Shapiro, and Mahmoud A. Wahba, Expectancy Theory as a Predictor of Work Behavior and Attitudes: A Reevaluation of Empirical Evicence, Decision Sciences, vol. 5 (July 1974), pp. 481-506.

25. Leon Reinharth and Mahmoud Wahba, Expectancy Theory as a Predictor of Work Motivation, Effort Expenditure, and Job Performance, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 18 (1975), pp. 520-573; Henry . Sims, Jr., Andrew D. Szilagyi, and Dale R. McKemey, Antecedents of Work Related Expectancies, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 19 (1976), pp. 547-559.

26. Terry Connolly, Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Expectancy Models of Work Performance Motivation, Academy of Management Review, vol. 1 (1976), pp. 37-47.

27. David G. Kuhn, John W. Slocum, and Richard D. Chase, Does Job Performance Affect Employee Satisfaction? Personnel Journal, June 1971, pp. 455-459, 485; Jay R. Schuster, Barbara dark, and Miles Rogers, Testing Portions of the Porter-Lawler Model Regarding the Motivation of Pay, Journal of Applied Psychology, June 1971, pp. 187-195; J. Stacey Adams, Inequity in Social Exchange, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2nd ed., ed. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 267-300.

28. Paul S. Goodman and Abraham Friedman, An Examination of Adams's Theory of Inequity, Administrative Sciences Quarterly, vol. 16 (1971), pp. 271 -288; Michael R. Carrell and John E. Dittrich, Equity Theory: The Recent Literature, Methodological Considerations, and New Directions, Academy of Management Review, vol. 3 (April 1978), pp. 202-210.

29. Porter and Lawler, op. cit.

30. D. O. Jorgenson, M. D. Bennett, and R. D. Pritchard, Effects of the Manipulation of a Performance-Reward Contingency on Behavior in a Simulated Work Setting, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 57 (1973), pp. 271-280.

31. William F. Glueck, Personnel: A Diagnostic Approach, 3rd ed. (Plano, .: Business Publications, 1982), p. 455.

32. Ibid., p. 456.

33. Edward E. Lawler, Pay and Organizational Effectiveness: A Psychological View (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971).

34. Clueck, op. cit., p. 458.

35. Lawler, Pay and Organizational Effectiveness, p. 167.

36. Richard I. Henderson, Short Term Incentives, Compensation Management: Rewarding Performance (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1988).






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