, , , .
(), . 1949 . , ISA25 (1940 .) ISA-3 ( 1935 .). - .
, , . , , .
= ×i, (2.1)
- , ; i- .
. ( . qualiti ) , ( ) (, 1 500 ). . 21 : 01, 0, 1, 2,..., 19. , , .
5 - 19 7, 10, 16, 25, 40, 64, 100, 160, 250, 400, 640, 1000, 1600, 2500 4000.
() 500
i = 0,45 ; (2.2)
500 10000
i = 0,004×D + 2,1, (2.3)
D , .
1 14 - 19 .
( ), . , .
( ), , ( Z) - ( z) . 2.3 .
a h (A H) , js zc (Js ZC) , js, k, m, n (Js, K, M, N). js Js . , .
, , .
, :
I = - es , S = - ei - I ZC. 9 16 3 , S = 0.
http://www.lib.mn/blog/n_demidova/104409.html
[1] . / . . . . .: , 1989.