6
.
I. : 1.
.
2.
Z ( )
3. ,
- .
II. .
2.1. :
, (t >10-10) (p) (n), . , , () 1:
1. .
(m) | m2 () | . . () | |||
() | ( . m) | ( ...) | |||
() | 1,6726 10-27 | 1836,15 | 1,007276 | 938,279 | +1,602 10-19 |
(n) | 1,6749 10-27 | 1838,68 | 1,008665 | 939,573 | |
() | 9,1105 10-31 | 5,48 10-4 | 0,511 | -1,602 10-19 |
- (...). 1 ... 1/12 .
Z N , =Z+N . , X .(). ; - ; N - . , n ( F).
, (Z,A).
( ) , , . , =-. , . , :
=(Z, A) - (Z-1, -1). (1)
n :
n=(Z, ) (Z, +1). (2)
- ( ) :
2=(Z, A) - Ec(Z-2, A-4) (). (3)
.
(=2) :
=[ZM+NMn-M(Z,A) ] c2, (4)
.. ( 02), (4) :
|
|
=ZMp+NMn-M(Z,A) (5)
-, 10-5-10-6 ( ~ 0,01%).
, , . (5) Z , Z , :
(Z,A)=ZMa()+NMn-M(). (6)
(4) (5) , ( 0) ( ), .
, ... :
∆(Z,A)=M(Z,A)-A (7)
, 1 n ∆=0,007276...=6,77761
∆n=0,008665...=8,07146
- ( ) ∆ =0,001506=1,40284.
(6), ..., (7), .. M=∆+A, M=∆+1, M=∆+1.
=Z(∆+1)+N(∆n+1)-(∆+A)= Z∆+N∆n-∆(Z,A). (8)
, - () :
=2 (0,007276+0,008665)-0,001506=0,0030 ....=28,38.
, ( ) , . :
δ(Z,A)= M(Z,A)-. (9)
δ()=∆ +2 ∆ =0,001506+2 0,000549=0,002604 ...=2,42563
, (8) , :
= Zδ + Nδn δ(Z,) (10)
( δn = ∆n). 0 Z 94 1.
2.2. - ():
= (Z,A) - . .
1. ( 20) 8 /. .. :
1 = 1 (11)
. , . :
.
:
R = R0 ⅓, (12)
R0 = (1,2-1,5) 10-15 .
2. (A) .. - , . , , = - σ S ~ R2 ~ A2/3, σ , S . , :
|
|
E2 = -a2 A2/3 (13)
3. (~1/) . Z A :
~ = - 3 (14)
4. , ( 40) , .. N=Z (A-2Z=0), , N=1,6Z, =2,6 Z. , , . . :
4 = - a4 (15)
5. . (. . 2).
. 2 :
Z | N | A= Z+N | |
, 2-3 . ~ A-1/3. :
5 = + a5 δ/ A1/3 (16)
-1 (- )
δ = 0 ( )
+1 (- )
, (Z,) :
= a1 a2A2/3 - 3 - a4 + a5 δ/ A1/3 (17)
- (). (17) a i [1]:
a1 = 15,75 ; a2 = 17,80 ; a3 = 0,71 ; a4 = 23,7 ; a5 = 12 .
3. :
1. . .
2. :
2.1. δ (Z,)= δ (4,9) = 11,3484 . - . ?
2.2 δ (1,2) = 13,13627 , δ (1,3) = 14,95038 , δ (2,3) = 14,93173 , Q, :
a) + → + ; ) + → + ;
) + → + ; ) + → + .
, , . ?
2.3. , 7,6 /, , , 8,5 /. .
3. , (Z 20) (=2Z), , (Z) Z > 20 :
A=KZ+C.
, () . , ( 2), Z, A, N, , ∆A N/Z 10 Z 90 ∆Z=10, A, N - N, ∆A = - .
Z, ( ).
4. ( 1), : , , , , .
|
|
5. : , , , , . , , . ?
3. .
δ(Z,A) | 13,136 | 14,932 | 2,425 | 11,680 |
6. , , .
()
().
-, Z0 (=const), , .. . = 0. , .
.
1. ?
2. , , .
3. ( ) . , - ?
4. ? .
5. - .
6. .
7. .
8. .
.
1. .., .. . . 1980.
2. .. . . . 5, 2, . 1989.
.
2.1. = 2∆(2,4) + ∆n - ∆(4,9) = 2×2,42485 + 8,07162 11,3484 = 1,5729
.. , - .
2.2. ) Q = 2∆(1,2) - ∆(1,1) - ∆(1,3) = 4,033 .
() = 3,025 ; () = 1,008 .
) Q = 3,27 ; E(n) = 2,453 ; E() = 0,817 ;
) Q = 17,59 ; E(n) = 14,07 ; E() = 3,52 ;
) Q = 18,35 ; E() = 14,68 ; E() = 3,67 .
(-). ().
2.3. -238 × 7,6 (-238×8,5) = 214 .
3. = Z + C = 2.6833 × Z - 13.6667
Z | |||||||||
A | |||||||||
N | |||||||||
∆A | -4 | ||||||||
N/Z | 1,17 | 1,28 | 1,38 | 1,4 | 1,47 | 1,51 | 1,58 |
4. =[Zδ + Nδn - δ(Z,A) ] ()
28,297 | 127,625 | 342,066 | 416,018 | 1636,513 | |
, / | 7,074 | 7,976 | 8,552 | 8,667 | 7,867 |
5. =Zδ + Nδn - δ(Z,A)
En = (Z,) - (Z,-1)
E = (Z,) - (Z-1,-1)
n | p | |||||
, () | 8,072 | 7,289 | 13,136 | 14,932 | 2,425 | 11,680 |
, () | 2,225 | 7,718 | 28,297 | 26,331 | ||
En, E, () | 2,225 | 5,493 | 20,579 | -1,966 |
|
|
.
, .. E < 0
A = 103 => Zo = 45; Z = 47 =>
A = 127 => Zo = 54; Z = 50 =>
A = 141=> Zo = 60; Z = 55 =>
1