. (, KNO2), - H+, , . :
NO2 + HOH ⇆ HNO2 + OH
KNO2 + HOH ⇆ HNO2 + KOH.
, , , OH ( ; pH > 7).
(, NH4Cl), NH4+ OH 1.
NH4+ + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + H+.
NH4Cl + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + HCl.
H+ ( pH < 7).
, (, NH4F) NH4+ OH, , F H+, NH4OH HF:2
NH4+ + F + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + HF
NH4F + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + HF.
, , , ( , ). NH4F (pH<7), HF , NH4OH: KNH4OH = 1,8105 < KHF = 6,6104.
, (.. ) , :
(KNO2, Na2CO3, K3PO4);
(NH4NO3, AlCl3, ZnSO4);
(Mg(CH3COO)2, NH4F).
C () ; .
, , ; , .
1. (. 2 . 5) , . , , , NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4+ ⇄ NH3 + H+ , NH4+ + H2O ⇄ NH3 + H3O+.
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2. , , , , NH4F NH4+ + F ⇆ NH3 + HF, H+ .
8.1 - . pH (pH>7, pH<7 pH=7).
1. : Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32
2. (Na+) NaOH (CO32) H2CO3. , :
CO32 + HOH ⇆ .
( ⇄); 1 , , 1 HOH.
3. CO32 H+, HOH, HCO3; OH ( ; pH>7):
CO32 + HOH ⇆ HCO3 + OH.
- Na2CO3.
4. , , CO32 + HOH ⇆ HCO3 + OH (CO32, HCO3 OH) Na+, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 NaOH:
Na2CO3 + HOH ⇆ NaHCO3 + NaOH.
5. , :
HCO3 + HOH ⇆ H2CO3 + OH
( HCO3 H+, HOH).
6. , , HCO3 + HOH ⇆ H2CO3 + OH (HCO3 OH) Na+, NaHCO3 NaOH:
NaHCO3 + HOH ⇆ H2CO3 + NaOH
:
CO32 + HOH ⇆ HCO3 + OH Na2CO3 + HOH ⇆ NaHCO3 + NaOH
HCO3 + HOH ⇆ H2CO3 + OH NaHCO3 + HOH ⇆ H2CO3 + NaOH.
8.2 - . pH (pH>7, pH<7 pH=7).
1. : Al2(SO4)3 2Al3+ + 3SO42
2. (Al3+) Al(OH)3 (SO42) H2SO4. , ; 1 Al3+ 1 HOH: Al3+ + HOH ⇆ .
3. Al3+ OH, HOH, AlOH2+; H+ ( ; pH<7):
Al3+ + HOH ⇆ AlOH2+ + H+.
- Al2(SO4)3.
4. , , Al3+ + HOH ⇆ AlOH2+ + H+ (Al3+, AlOH2+ H+) SO42, Al2(SO4)3, AlOHSO4 H2SO4:
Al2(SO4)3 + 2HOH ⇆ 2AlOHSO4 + H2SO4.
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5. AlOH2+, :
AlOH2+ + HOH ⇆ Al(OH)2+ + H+
( AlOH2+ OH, HOH).
6. , , AlOH2+ + HOH ⇆ Al(OH)2+ + H+ (AlOH2+, Al(OH)2+, H+) SO42, AlOHSO4, (Al(OH)2)2SO4 H2SO4:
2AlOHSO4 + 2HOH ⇆ (Al(OH)2)2SO4 + H2SO4.
7. Al(OH)2+, :
Al(OH)2+ + HOH ⇆ Al(OH)3 + H+
( Al(OH)2+ OH, HOH).
8. , , Al(OH)2+ + HOH ⇆ Al(OH)3 + H+ (Al(OH)2+ H+) SO42, (Al(OH)2)2SO4 H2SO4:
(Al(OH)2)2SO4 + 2HOH ⇆ 2Al(OH)3 + H2SO4
:
Al3+ + HOH ⇆ AlOH2+ + H+ Al2(SO4)3 + 2HOH ⇆ 2AlOHSO4 + H2SO4
AlOH2+ + HOH ⇆ Al(OH)2+ + H+ 2AlOHSO4 + 2HOH ⇆ (Al(OH)2)2SO4 + H2SO4
Al(OH)2+ + HOH ⇆ Al(OH)3 + H+ (Al(OH)2)2SO4 + 2HOH ⇆ 2Al(OH)3 + H2SO4.
8.3 - . pH (pH>7, pH<7 pH=7).
1. : (NH4)3PO4 3NH4+ + PO43
2. (NH4+) NH4OH
(PO43) H3PO4. , , : NH4+ + PO43+HOH ⇆ ; ( NH4+ PO43 1 HOH). NH4+ OH, HOH, NH4OH, PO43 H+, HPO42:
NH4+ + PO43 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + HPO42.
- (NH4)3PO4.
4. , , NH4+ + PO43 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + HPO42 (PO43, HPO42) NH4+, (NH4)3PO4, (NH4)2HPO4:
(NH4)3PO4 +HOH ⇆ NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4.
5. HPO42, NH4+ :
NH4+ + HPO42 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + H2PO4
( NH4+ OH, HPO42 H+, HOH, NH4OH H2PO4).
6. , , NH4+ + HPO42 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + H2PO4 (HPO42 H2PO4) NH4+, (NH4)2HPO4 NH4H2PO4:
(NH4)2HPO4 +HOH ⇆ NH4OH + NH4H2PO4.
7. H2PO4, NH4+ :
NH4+ + H2PO4 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + H3PO4
( NH4+ OH, H2PO4 H+, HOH NH4OH H3PO4).
8. , , NH4+ + H2PO4 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + H3PO4 H2PO4 NH4+ NH4H2PO4:
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NH4H2PO4 +HOH ⇆ NH4OH + H3PO4.
:
NH4++PO43+HOH ⇆ NH4OH+HPO42 (NH4)3PO4+HOH ⇆ NH4OH+(NH4)2HPO4
NH4++HPO42+HOH ⇆ NH4OH+H2PO4 (NH4)2HPO4+HOH ⇆ NH4OH+NH4H2PO4
NH4++H2PO4+HOH ⇆ NH4OH+H3PO4 NH4H2PO4+HOH ⇆ NH4OH+H3PO4.
, , , , , , .
NH4+ + PO43 + HOH ⇆ NH4OH + HPO42
(pH>7), HPO42 , NH4OH: KNH4OH = 1,8105 > KHPO42 = KIII H3PO4 = 1,3×1012 ( HPO42 H3PO4 , KHPO42 = KIII H3PO4).