a). so -, -, . so () , .
Model:
| was late and so was hi s friend. | , . |
). neither nor . neither nor () , , .
Model:
| Nor should we forget the importance of this word. | . . |
, :
| not only but (also) | - |
| not alone but | - , |
 hardly... when
| - ... |
| scarcely... when | |
| n sooner... than | - |
| only | - |
| never | - |
| nowhere | - |
 neither
| - ; |
| n or | |
| so | - ; |
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian.
A.
1. Not only does chlorine unite with gaseous hydrogen, but it will sometimes take hydrogen from other elements. 2. Nowhere can we see such rapid progress as in radio engineering. 3. Only upon the adsorption of larger amounts was the sensitivity again lowered. 4. No sooner has the current started running in one direction than back it comes again. 5. Of great significance, however, is the fact that a few of particles are deflected through large angles. 6. Perhaps never was the making of an important invention shared by so many persons distributed so widely over the world. 7. Not only are the chondriosomes concerned in the formation of fibrils, plastids and the like, but they play an important role in heredity also. 8. Never before did he defend his ideas with such strength and conviction. 9. In no instance did we observe more than two ganglion cells joined together. 10. Not only has it been held that there is a certain relation between the mass of the nucleus and that of the cytoplasm, but there also seems to be a relation between the size of the nucleus and the number of chromosomes. 11. In none of these experiments were the isomers of methionine tested in the presence and absence of norleucine. 12. Not until 1958 have some articles brought information concerning microsomes, both from a biochemical and a morphological viewpoint.
B.
1. Correlative with the conception of a system of planes is that of a system of great circles. 2. Surrounding this nucleus are electrons, the actual number depending upon the atom being considered. 3. Included in this table are currents calculated on the supposition that the entire effect is due to ionization by collision of negative ions only. 4. Belonging to this class are all elastomeric substances. 5. Surrounding the striated part at irregular intervals are small, double-membrane tubes. 6. Particularly important in this connection are the irregularities likely to develop during this process. 7. Related to these states of natural or artificial anabiosis is the hibernation, particularly widespread among insects and vertebrates. 8. Of special interest is the case in which eggs have been observed to differentiate into swimming larvae. 9. Presented in the table are the results obtained recently with the electron microscope. 10. Noteworthy in this connection are certain experiments on amoebae. 11. Very significant in this connection is the fact that there is a definite relation between physiological gradients and electrical polarity. 12. Of the highest importance are the results of attempts to maintain the cells and tissues of higher animals in the living condition in artificial cultural media.
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C.
1. Lever J moves upwards, so does lever M. 2. Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support combustion. 3. The Moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind, neither can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air. 4. It is incorrect to say that an element is that which cannot be broken up into anything simpler. Nor can the electron be regarded as a chemical element. 5. The ancients had no knowledge of stellar distances, neither was there then any means by which they could determine them. 6. The human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes so does the egg cell. 7. Some animals emit radiant energy as light and so do some insects. 8. The present and past are equally important in zoo-geography. Neither can they be considered separately. 9. After this treatment no loss in activity occurred, nor could a decrease in weight be observed by heating at 1050 C for several hours. 10. Insects cannot see nearly so far as we can, nor form such clear-cut images but their eyes may be very efficient for specialized needs, such as catching quick-moving prey. 11. Sand dunes are vegetated by the coming together or aggregation of individual plants; so are shallow ponds or dried lake bottoms.
3.
, as, though however. , , , .
Models:
| Hard as it is we must do this work. | , . |
| Late though it was the sun was still in the sky. | , . |
| However cold this winter is, the one of 1941 was still colder. | , 1941 . ( ...) |
. may (might) .
Model:
| Erroeous as these results may be, they still valuable. | , - ( ) ;... - . |
, , ever. may (might), . .
Models:
| I am right whatever other people may say. | , . |
| Whoever else may object, I shall approve. | , (-) . |
, :
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 as
however
though
although
| - ; ; ; ; |
| whoever | - ; , ; , |
| whatever | - ; , ; ; , |
| wherever | - ; , ; ; , |
| whenever | - () ; , |
:
however that may be
Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.
1. Important as this question is in itself, the debate on the subject went far beyond its original bounds. 2. Strange as it may seem, sulphur dioxide may act as a reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent. 3. Small though it is, the proportion of natural plutonium is apparently greater than it can be thus accounted for. 4. Enormous as this prodigious flow of energy is, we do not know the manner of its coming. 5. Whatever these considerations may appear at first glance they are of great practical importance. 6. Wherever a craze intersects the surface perturbation or discontinuity results. 7. Whoever the author may have been he should have dwelt on this problem. 8. Hard as it was to overcome the difficulties, we still managed to do this. 9. However reasonable the suggestion may be it should get the approval of the specialists. 10. Whenever brought to the place in question, dogs previously, trained persisted in their habit. 11. The observer wherever he may be located, seems always to be at the center of the hemispherical surface. 12. Science teaches us inseparability of matter and motion. However static some things may seem to be, there is in them continual motion. 13. We must admit that Pasteur, as great as he was, must be relegated to the status of stepfather of microbiology since he came after Leeuwenhoek. 14. However little can at present be added to this discussion, a few of the outstanding features may be noted briefly.
4.
not , . , , .
Model:
| The case is not improbable. | (, ) . |
Exercise 4. Translate into Russian.
1. Mars and Venus have atmospheres not dissimilar to ours. 2. River and lake deposits also not uncommonly contain remains of organisms which inhabited waters. 3. It seems not at all unlikely that many of the lower animal forms also have the power to make a similar distinction. 4. The advances of modern sciences in the production of a wide range of experimental temperatures are thus seen to be not inconsiderable. 5. These algae occur very abundantly in freshwaters and are not uncommon in the sea. 6. It does not seem illogical to treat the two groups as one. 7. In many genera that are normally epiphytic endophytic forms are not unusual. 8. A situation and mechanism not dissimilar to that observed by Leloir was subsequently discovered by Sutherland. 9. The protozoan was found usually to be a uninucleate individual not unlike one of the cells of a larger animal or plant. 10. It does not seem impossible for one or more of the anthocyanidin or sugar hydroxyls to be esterified with an organic acid. 11. It does not appear improbable that the previous observations should represent reversal of amino acyl RNA synthesis.
5. it is (was, has been) that (which, who )
. it is (was, has been)... that, it is (was, has been)... which, it is (was, has been)... who , . , : , it is... that, .
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Model:
| It is these properties of crystals that are the most important. | . . |
1. , .
Model:
| It was not in this field that cytology has received a notable contribution. | . |
2. - , .
Model:
| It is only by careful study of the cell structure that these forms can be distinguished. | . |
. it is that , not until (not till). it was not until that , , , .
Model:
| It was not until 1953 that this book was published. | 1953 . |
3. not + until (till) + after .
Model:
| The Congress was not held until after the death of the great physiologist. | . |
Exercise 5. Translate into Russian.
1. In Russia it was Lodygin who invented the electric lamp. 2. It is the computer that makes a machine a robot. 3. It is silver that is the best conducting metal. 4. It is electronics that produced radar. 5. It was Popov who invented the radio. 6. It was in the laboratory that I found him. 7. It is automation that improves working conditions. 8. It was in 1944 that the first relay machine was completed. 9. It is the program that ensures the execution of all operation assigned to the computers. 10. At present, it is germanium and its properties that have been most thoroughly investigated and are best understood. 11. It is this feature which enables us to use valves in a great variety of electronic devices, as well as for simple amplification. 12. It is the root that absorbs water from the soil. 13. It is the root hairs that come into close contact with the soil particles. 14. It is just back of the root cap that the lengthening of the root is found to take place. 15. It was at our laboratory that this method was tried for the first time. 16. In medical practice it is mainly the leaves, taken in May and June during the blossoming period, that are used. 17. It is by means of its roots that the plant is anchored and supported in one place. 18. While the kinds of gases that are present in the atmosphere are present in the soil air, it is the oxygen that is of particular importance. 19. It is to this end that several products have been introduced on the market to be used on the soil for conditioning and maintaining such balance. 20. It was only by means of electron microscopy that the structure of cytoplasm was elucidated. 21. In seed plants it is the pollen grains that are mobile and so light that they are spread for hundreds of miles. 22. It was the Russian scientist Mendeleev who compiled the world-famous Periodic Table of Elements. 23. It is this effect that we will discuss more fully in the next section. 24. It was largely upon this fact that the theory of chromosome individuality was originally based. 25. It was not a mere number of chromosomes that was of importance but the volume of karyotin. 26. It is the rapid and recent climatic changes that are undoubtedly attributed to the major features of plant distribution today. 27. It was the principle of repetition which enabled us to explore the morphology of molecular structure. 28. It is not a certain chemical composition, but activity, that makes a substance as a part of the living system, for life is a process. 29. It was not until he mastered English that he started studying French. 30. It was not until many years later that the behaviour of the nucleus in cell division became known in detail. 31. It was not until many years later that the cell was investigated with reference to the problem of heredity. 32. It was not until after the discovery of Bernhard that these elements attracted the attention of many scientists. 33. It was not until after the fundamental work of Pasteur in 1865 that the role of the fungi in fermentation was established.
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REVIEW EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.
1. Incomplete though these figures are, they give more information in several respects than has before been available. 2. Satisfactory as this theory may be in many respects it is far from being probable. 3. Not all substances separate from solution in the crystalline state: for instance, wax dissolves in petrol, but on evaporating the solvent we do not get crystals of wax, nor is glass crystalline. 4. It can only have been the close chemical similarity of circonium and hafnium which prevented the isolation of the latter by chemical means at a much earlier date. 5. It is from experiments on solubility of gases in liquids that Dalton appears first to have derived direct evidence in favour of this view. 6. The particles of water grow larger as condensation continues and ultimately become rain drops. Not until then do they fall earthward with an appreciable velocity. 7. So slight are the differences between the members of division A and B in the Periodic Table that the division into subgroups is scarcely necessary except for convenience. 8. At first it is only the molecules which terminate the longer paths that are ionized by collisions. 9. The values so estimated were not so high as we now know them to be, nor were they always accepted, but recognition of the polymeric nature of proteins is as old as the peptide theory. 10. Whatever their cause, or causes, the symptoms are the following. 11. Not only are perfect crystals an unattainable ideal, but they would be completely useless for most research studies. 12. Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by orientating themselves in the earths magnetic field, neither apparently, does memorizing the route play an essential part. 13. It was not until 1873 that the way was opened for a better understanding of the matter. 14. But because plants are alive they do spend energy and are sensitive to stimuli. 15. Certain forms of chondriosomes do, however, tend to predominate in certain tissues. 16. However important this anatomical information may be, it seems to me lacking in certain details. 17. Not until then do the nuclei unite by pairs. 18. It is perhaps the type of character which is best dealt with by means of numerical taxonomy. 19. It is the capture and storage of energy from the sun that makes green plants unique among living things. 20. For the time being there is no proof that the double helices of DNA do in fact divide in the same manner as the helical chromosomes. 21. In neither case was growth affected by the addition of threonine or homoserine. 22. It was not until the seventeenth century that the first industry, the jute trade, developed 23. Some investigators think it is not improbable that the origin of polarity in the animal egg cell is in some way carried over from the preceding generation. 24. Special notice should be taken of the fact that it was cellular tissue, and not the individual cell, that was regarded as fundamental. 25. The boundary between the cells disappeared and only later did the nuclei disappear. 26. Nowhere is the need for such biochemical data becoming greater than in the field of taxonomy. 27. It is here that the view of Schleiden and Schwann differed from those of their French predecessors. 28. A gene does occupy a definite position within a chromosome. This is referred to as its locus. 29. A closer study of many macrophages has revealed that they do not indiscriminately swallow the bottom sediments.
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian.
1. It was not until the 19th century that heat was proved to be form of energy. 2. It is only the water that appears to be decomposed. 3. Never has a better oscillator been designed. 4. Unfortunately, this idea, attractive as it is by its very simplicity, appears incapable of being sustained. 5. Wax is not a crystal. Nor is glass crystalline. 6. It is with the cyclotron that this book is concerned. 7. It was not until Roentgen discovered his mysterious rays that many diseases could be easily diagnosed. 8. No sooner did he replace the first valve than the second ceased to conduct. 9. But, admirable as were his (Huyghenss) labours, they did not command universal assent. 10. It was Rutherford and Soddy who first proposed a general theory of radioactive transformation. 11. If u is a wave function, so also is du/dt since the wave equation is a linear equation with constant coefficients. 12. The survey does not appear to have been published nor did Dr. Ulrich indicate in his recent lecture how expensive was the analysis to which he referred. 13. In this work clear proof was given that penetrating showers do contain ionising penetrating particles. 14. It is from such crystal measurements that all early values of X-ray wavelengths were determined. 15. In liquid alloys there will always be some decomposition however large the energy of dissociation may be.16. There was no general argument as to the nature of radiation; neither was there any convincing evidence as to the energy associated with the radiation. 17. Notice that in this case it would be green rays which would be doing the work of blackening the plate. 18. Small as the stars appear to us, there are many of them much larger and hotter than the sun. 19. The point of view to which the number of objections is minimum is the assumption that the electron, exhibiting, as it does both wave and corpuscular properties, consists of a fortuitous conglomeration or concentration of waves of different frequency. 20. Actually this theory, attractive as it in its simplicity, leads to a model of the photon having, so to put it, only half the symmetry of the real photon. 21. It was only after Rutherfords discovery in 1911 that an atom consists of a small, massive, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons, that the theory could be applied to quantitative description of atoms. 22. All too brief as this survey is, it will have shown that laboratory research during the last few years has led to results of the utmost interest almost each day. 23. It is the property of electrons to radiate energy when accelerated that accounts for many of the properties of the layer in the upper atmosphere. 24. Finally one must remark that, whatever validity.an application of the principle of equipartition may possess, it must be applied with caution to a rotating system. 25. This hypothesis, startling as it may seem at first sight, appears, none the less, to contain a considerable element of truth. 26. Included in this group are atmospheres containing gasoline and other gases of similar hazard. 27. No complete and quantitative theory of photoconductivity has yet been developed, nor, from the very complexity of the problem, is an early solution to be expected. 28. By 1910 Plancks quantum theory and Einsteins photoelectric equation together with various lines of experimental evidence had made it clear that, impossible as it then seemed, physicists would perhaps have to accept the hypothesis that light itself possesses corpuscular characteristics. 29. Daring as at first sight this hypothesis appears to be, there is nevertheless a whole series of experiments which seem scarcely possible to explain on the wave theory, but which can be understood at once if we accept the hypothesis of the light quantum. 30. It is only through the general law of averages that we can expect the effect of these fortuitous but systematic errors to be completely eliminated. 31. Different as they may appear at first sight, the two forms of the new Mechanics are found to coincide in the last analysis.
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