.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

, , , , -

 

267

 

, . , , , . , , . , , .

, , , , , . , , , . , , . , (. Frey [41]).

, , , . -1 . , , , . , , , .

. ,

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 . , (. 345). . .

 

268

 

, , , -, , , . , , .

, ? , , ? , , -, .

, , , , , , . , , , , , .

[98] , , , , , , . , , , , [60].

 

269

 

- . , , , . , , , , . . . , . . , , - , , .

, , , , , , , [46] , ( , , ) , .

. , . , . , , , . , , . , , ? , -

 

270

 

, , , , , .

, , , .

, , , . . , , . , , , , . .

, . , , . , , . , , ?

 

* * *

 

. ,

 

271

 

. , , . . , .

, , . , .

, , . , , , . , .

 

 

TEPAT PA

 

1. B a k e r F. The changing hospital organizational system. A model for evaluation. Read in General Systems Session of AAAS Annual Meeting. Dallas, Texas, 1968.

2. B a k e r F. General systems theory, research and medical care. In: S h e l d o n A., B a k e r F., M c L a u g h 1 i n C. P. Systems and Medical Care. Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1970, 126.

3. B e c k B. Cooking the welfare stew. In: R. W. H a b e n-s t e i n (ed.). Pathways to data: Field methods for studying ongoing social organizations. Chicago, Aldine, 1970.

4. B e c k e r H. M., G e e r B., H u g h e s E. C. Making the grade. N. Y., Wiley, 1968.

5. B e c k e r H. W. Sociological work: Method and substance. Chicago, Aldine, 1970.

6. B e n n i s W. G. The case study. J. of Appl. Behav. Science, 1968, 4, 2, 227231.

 

272

 

7. B l a c h o w i c z J. A. Systems theory and evolutionary models of the development of science. Philsophy of Science, 1971, 38, 178199.

8. B 1 a u P. M. The dynamics of bureaucracy. Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1963.

9. C a m p b e l l D. T. The informant in quantitative research. Amer. J. of Soc., 1955, 60, 339342.

10. C a m p b e l l D. T. Methodological suggestions from a comparative psychology of knowledge processes. Inquiry, 1959, 152182.

11. C a m p b e l l D. T. Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. PsychoL Rev., 1960, 67, 380400.

12. C a m p b e l l D. T. The mutual methodological relevance of anthropology and psychology. In: F. L. K. H s u (ed.). Psychological anthropology: Approaches to culture and personality. Homewood, I11. Dorsey, 1961, 333352.

13. C a m p b e l l D. T. Social attitudes and other acquired behavioral dispositions. In: S. K o c h (ed.). Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. VI. N. Y., McGraw-Hill, 1963, 94172.

14. C a m p b e l l D. T. Distinguishing differences of perception from failures of communication in cross-cultural studies. In: F. S. C. Northrop, H. H. Livingston (eds.). Cross-cultural understanding: Epistemology in anthropology. N. Y., Harper & Row, 1964, 308336.

15. C a m p b e l l D. T. Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. In:

B a r r i n g e r H. R., B l a n k s t e n G. I., M a c k R. W. (eds.). Social change in developing areas. Cambridge, Mass., Schenkman, 1965.

16. C a m p b e 11 D. T. Pattern matching as an essential in distal knowing. In: K. R. Hammond (ed.). The psychology of Egon Brunswik. N. Y., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966, 81 106.

17. C a m p b e 11 D. T. Reforms as experiments. Amer. Psychologist, 1969a, 24, 409429.

18. C a m p b e l l D. T. A phenomenology of the other one: Corrigible, hypothetical and critical. In: T. M i s c h e 1 (ed.). Human action: Conceptual and empirical issues. N. Y., Academic Press, 1969b, 4169.

19. C a m p b e l l D. T. Natural selection as an epistemological model. In: N a r o l l R., C o h e n R. (eds.). A handbook of method in cultural anthropology. Garden City, N. Y., Natural History Press, 1970, 5185.

20. C a m p b e 11 D. T. Methods for the experimenting society. Paper presented to the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C., Sept. 1971.

21. Campbell D. T. Herskovits, cultural relativism, and meta-science. In: M. J. H e r s k o v I t s. Cultural relativism. N. Y., Random House, 1972, VXXIII. (Introduction).

22. C a m p b e 11 D. T. Evolutionary epistemology. In: P. A. S c h i l p p (ed.). The philosophy of Karl Popper. Vol. 14, I & II. The library of living philosophers. La Salle, I11.: Open Court Publishing, 1974, 413463, Vol. 14-1.

23. C a m p b e l l D. T. Degrees of Freedom and the case study Comparative Political Studies, Sept., 1975, 178193. (. .)

 

273

 

24. C a m p b e 11 D. T., E r 1 e b a c h e r A. E. How regression artifacts in quasi-experimental evaluations can mistakenly make compensatory education look harmful. In: J. H e l l m u t h (ed.). Compensatory education: A national debate. Vol. III. N. Y., Brunner/Mazel, 1970, 185210.

25. C a m p b e l l D. T., L e V i n e R. A. Field-manual anthropology. In: R. N a r o l l, R. C o h e n (eds.). A handbook of method in cultural anthropology. Garden City, N. Y., Natural History Press, 1970, 366387.

26. C a m p b e l l D. T., S t a n l e y J. C. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1966. (C. .)

27. C a m p b e 11 R. The chasm: The life and death of a great experiment in ghetto education. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.

28. C a w s P. The structure of discovery. Science, 1969, 166, 13751380.

29. C h e i n I. On evaluating self-surveys. J. of Soc. Iss., 1949, 5, 56-63.

30. C h e i n I. Community self-surveys. Lecture given at University of Rochester. Nov. 5, 1956, 23.

31. C h e i n I., C o o k S. W., Harding J. The field of action research. The Arner. Psychologist, 1948 a, 3, 4350.

32. C h e i n I., C o o k S. W., Harding J. The use of research in social therapy. Human Relations, 1948 b, 1, 497510.

33. C o o k S. W. The systematic analysis of socially significant events: A strategy for social research. The J. of Soc. Iss., 1962, 18, 6684.

34. C o o k T. D., C a m p b e l l D. T. The design and conduct of quasi-experiments and true experiments in field settings. In: M. D. D u n n e t t e (ed.). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago, Rand McNally, 1976.

35. D o u g l a s J. D. The social meanings of suicide. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press, 1967.

36. D u n c k e r K. Uber induzierte Bewegung. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie optischwahrgenommener Bewegung. Psychologische For-schung, 1929, 12(6), 180259.

37. E t z i o n i A., L e h m a n E. W. Some dangers in valid social measurement. Annals of the Amer. Acad. of Polit. and Soc. Science, 1967, 373, 115.

38. E v e r h a r t R. B. Problems of doing fieldwork in educational evaluation. Human Organization, 1975, 34, 205215.

39. F e y e r a b e n d P. K. Against method: Outline of an anarchistic theory of knowledge. In: R a d n e r M., W I n o k u r S. Analyses of theories and methods of physics and psychology. Vol. IV, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1970, 17130.

40. F r e e m a n H. E., S h e r w o o d C. C. Social policy and social research. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1970.

41. F r e y P. W. Student ratings of teaching: validity of several rating factors. Science, 1973, 182, 8385.

42. G a r f i n k e l H. Good organizational reasons for bad clinic records. In: Garfinkel H. Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall,1967, 186207.

 

274

 

43. G i l b e r t N., S p e c h t H. The model cities program: A comparative analysis of participating cities process, product, performance, and prediction. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1973.

44. G 1 a s e r B. G., S t r a u s s A. L. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago Aldine, 1967.

45. G o o d m a n N. Fact, fiction, and forecast. Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1955.

46. G o r d o n A. C., C a m p b e l l D. T., et al. Recommended accounting procedures for the evaluation of improvements in the delivery of state social services. Duplicated manuscript, 1971, Northwestern University.

47. G r e e n s t o n e J. D., P e t e r s o n P. E. Race and authority in urban politics: Community participation and the war on poverty. N. Y., Russell Sage Foundation, 1973.

48. G u t t e n t a g M. Models and methods in evaluation research. J. for the Theory of Soc. Beh., 1971, 1, 7595.

49. G u t t e n t a g M. Evaluation of social intervention programs. Annals of the N. Y. Academy of Sciences, 1973, 218, 313.

50. H a n s o n N. R. Patterns of discovery. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1958.

51. Harding J. Community self-surveys: A form of combating discrimination. Congress Weekly: A Review of Jewish Interests. 1948, March 5.

52. J a s t r o w J. Fact and fable in psychology. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1900.

53. J o n e s R. W. Principles of biological regulation: An introduction to feedback systems. N. Y., Academic Press, 1973.

54. K a p l a n M., et al. The model cities program: A comparative analysis of city response patterns and their relation to future urban policy. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1973.

55. K i t s u s e J. K., C i c o u r e 1 A. V. A note on the uses of official statistics. Social Problems, 1963, 11, 131 139.

56. K o r d i g C. R. The justification of scientific change. N. Y., Humanities Press, 1971.

57. T. . M., 1977.

58. K u h n T. S. Logic of discovery or psychology of research? & Relections on my critics. In: I. L a k a t o s, A. M u s g r a v e (eds.). Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970, p. 123, 231278.

59. L a k a t o s I. Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In:

L a k a t o s I., M u s g r a v e A. (eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970.

60. L e v i n e M. Scientific method and the adversary model: Some preliminary thoughts. Amer. Psychologist, 1974, 29 (9), 661677.

61. L e w i n K. Action research and minority problems. J. of Soc. Issues, 1946, 2, 3446. Reprinted in: L e w i n K. Resolving social conflicts, N. Y., Harper, 1948.

62. L e w i n K. Frontiers in group dynamics, Part IIB. Human Relations, 1947, 1, 147153; reprinted as Feedback problems in social diagnosis and action. In: B u c k l e y W. (ed.). Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist. Chicago, Aldine, 1968, 441 444.

63. L i p p i t t R., R a d k e M. New trends in the investigation of prejudice. The Annals of the Amer. Acad. of Polit. and Soc. Science, 1946, 244, March.

 

275

 

64. M a r r o w A. J. The practical theorist: The life and work of Kurt Lewin. N. Y., Basic Books, Inc., 1969.

65. M o r r i s s e y W. R. Nixon anti-crime plan undermines crime statistics. Justice Magazine, 1972, 1, 8 11, 14.

66. M u r c h i s o n C. (ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology. Worchester, Mass., Clark Univ. Press, 1931.

67. N e 1 s o n H., G i a n n o 11 a F. J. Research methodology in alternative education settings: The met plan. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Aries Corporation, 1974 a.

68. N e l s o n H., G i a n n o t t a F. J. (Draft) MET interim report on southeast alternatives ESP project, vol. 1, Minneapolis, Aries Corp., 1974b.

69. N e 1 s o n H., R e y n o l d s J., F r e n c h L. R., G i a n n o t t a F. J. (Draft) MET interim report on southeast alternatives ESP project, vol. IIA; vol. IIB, Minneapolis, Aries Corp., 1974.

70. P o i n c a r é H. Mathematical creation. In: P o i n c a r é H. The foundations of science. N. Y., Science Press, 1913.

71. P o l a n y i M. Personal knowledge. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.

72. P o p p e r K. R. The logic of scientific discovery. N. Y., Basic Books, 1959.

73. P o p p e r K. R. Conjectures and refutations. N. Y., Basic Books, 1963.

74. P o p p e r K. R. Objective knowledge: An evolutionary approach. Oxford, Clarendon, 1972.

75. Q u i n e W. V. From a logical point of view. Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1953.

76. Q u i n e W. V. Ontological relativity. N. Y., Columbia Univ. Press, 1969.

77. R a s e r J. R., C a m p b e 11 D. T., C h a d w i c k R. W. Gaming and simulation for developing theory relevant to international relations. In: A. R a p p o p o r t (ed.). General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research, Ann Arbor, Mich. 1970, 15,183204.

78. R i d g e w a y V. Dysfunctional consequences of performance measures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1956, 1, 240247.

79. S a 1 a s i n S. Experimentation revisited: A conversation with Donald T. Campbell. Evaluation. 1973, 1, 713.

80. S c h u 1 b e r g H. C., B a k e r F. Program evaluation models and the implementation of research findings. Amer. J. of Public Health, 1968, 58, 12481255 (reprinted in: S c h u 1 b e r g, S h e l d o n, B a k e r, 1969, p. 562572).

81. Schulberg E. H., Sheldon A., Baker F. Introduction. In: Program Evaluation in the health fields. N. Y., Behavioral Publications, 1969, p. 328.

82. S e g a 1 1 M. H., C a m p b e 1 1 D. T., H e r s k o v i t s M. J. The influence of culture on visual perception. Indianapolis, Ind., Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.

83. S e 1 1 t i z C. The use of survey methods in a citizens campaign against discrimination. Human Organization, 1956, 14,1925.

84. S e 1 1 i t z C., Cook S. W. Can research in social science be both socially useful and scientifically meaningful? Amer. Soc. Rev., 1948, 13,454459.

 

276

 

85. S e i d m a n D., C o u z e n s M. Crime statistics and the great American anticrime crusade: Police misreporting of crime and political pressures. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, C. D., Sept. 1972.

86. S h e l d o n A., B a k e r F., M c L a u g h l i n C. P. (eds.). Systems and Medical Care. Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1970, 126.

87. S h i m o n y A. Scientific inference. In: R. C o 1 o d n y (ed.). Pittsburgh studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. IV. Pittsburgh, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1970, 79172.

88. S t e w a r t V. M. Tests of the carpentered world hypothesis by race and environment in America and Zambia. Intern. J. of Psychol., 1973, 8, 8394.

89. T o 1 m a n E. C. Purposive behavior in animals and men. N. Y., The Century Co., 1932.

90. T o u 1 m i n S. E. Foresight and understanding: An inquiry into the aims of science. Bloomington. Indiana Univ. Press, 1961.

91. T o u l m i n S. E. Human understanding. Vol. I. The evolution of collective understanding. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press, 1972.

92. T w i g g R. Downgrading of crimes verified in Baltimore. Justice Magazine, 1972, 1, 15, 18.

93. V i d i c h A., B e n s m a n J. The validity of field data. Human Organization, 1954, 13(1), 2027.

94. W e i s s R. S., R e i n M. The evaluation of broad-aim programs: Experimental design, its difficulties, and an alternative. Admin, Science Quart., 1970, 15, 97109.

95. W e r n e r O., Campbell D. T. Translating, working through interpreters, and the problem of decentering. In: R. Naroll, R. Cohen (eds.). A handbook of method in cultural anthropology. Garden City, N. Y., Natural History Press, 1970, 398420.

96. W i t t g e n s t e i n L. Philosophical investigations. N. Y., Macmillan, 1953.

97. W o 1 c o t t H. F. The man in the principal's office: An ethnography. N. Y., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.

98. W o l f R. L. The application of select legal concepts to educational evaluation. Ph. D. Diss. Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Chamnaign, 1974.

 

 

277

 

ۻ

1

 

, , . (, , , , , ). . - , (Kidder [18]). , - . , , 1938 . 2, . , , . - 100 , , , ,

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 C a m p b e l l D. T. Degrees of Freedom and the Case Study. Comparative Political Studies, 1975, vol. 8, 2, p. 178193. 1975 Sage Publications, Inc.

2 , .

 

278

 

- . , , (Campbell [5]).

, , . , . , , . , , ( ) . , . (, ) , - , - . , . , , , , . ( , , , .)

[10] 1, (., , Lijphart [23, . 683685]; Boesch, Eckensberger [3]).

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 . (. 34191).

 

279

 

, , , (. Campbell [8]):

, , . 1 , , . , . , ... , , .

, , . , , , :

. , , . ceteris paribus 2 . . 3,

_____________________________________________________________________________________

1 . : Malinovsky B. Sex and Repression in Savage Society. London, Humanities Press, 1927. . .

2 (.).

3 , - , , . . .

 

280

 

, , , - , , , , , , . , , , - ; , , , , (Campbell [8, . 344 345]).

: , , , , , , . , , , , ( ). , , , . , (, , , , ), , - , , . ( , , , , ,

 

281

 

(Raser et al. [29, . 186-187]).

, , - , , , , , ( , , ). , , , , , , , . - , , . (pattern matching) (Campbell [6], Raser [28]), , , .

. , . , , , : . , , , , (Campbell [9]) (

 

282

 

[34], . . ), , , . , , .

( , . Becker [2, . 3962, 2538]) , , , - , , , . , , . , , - , .

[26], , , . , (, , , . .), , , , , , .

, , , -

 

283

 

, . 1940 . . . . . . , , . [13] [13]. 20 . , , 20 . . , , , , . ., , . , , , : - , , , , , . ., . , , . , 1918 1922 ., - (. . Kroeber [21]). , , , (. [19, 20]), . , , , .

 

284

 

. [14], , , - , , . , [12, . 4492], , . , , , , . . , , . , , , [23], , , , , .

( , ) , . , , , . , , , , ( ) : -

 

285

 

. , , , , , . , , , , , : . , , , , , , , , . . . ( , . . , 30 40 . , , . , , : One speaks verily of myth-interpretation only if one lispeth 1.)

, , , , , , (Campbell [6]). , , [22] (, [28]), -

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 , (.). .

 

286

 

. - . , , , , , , . , post hoc , . , , , [16] , , [11]. , , , , . , , . , - , . , . , ; . . , .

, . [] . , ... , ... , , , -

 

287

 

... 1. , (Wyatt, Campbell [35]); (Campbell [9]). , - , - . , , 15% ; , (Wyatt, Campbell [35]). , , , , . , (Helson [15]), (Campbell [8, . 341344; 91]).

- , , , . . , , , . , . , , (), , .

_____________________________________________________________________________

1 . . , . 2, ., 1978, , 20, 21.

 

288

 

, , , . , , , , . , , , : , , D. , , . , , . , , , , , . , /, [27], . , , . , , , . , , . , , . - , , . -

 

289

 

. . - , . (, , , .) , .

, , , . , -, , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . (Meehl [25]), , . , , A, , . : , ,

 

290

 

. , , , . , , , [23] ( -, , . .), , , , - . , , . , , , .

, , , , . , , , . , 15 , 105 , 1/20, 5 , 5%. , (Ryan [30]) (Scheffé [31]) (Selvin, Stuart [32]).

 

291

 

, , . , , , , 1,00 , . ( R (Lord, Novick [24, . 286]). R, , , , . . , , , . : , , .

, , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , . , . , (, ,

 

292

 

, D, . .), , . , , , , . ., .

. , , . , : , , , , . , . , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , [7] :

. , -

 

293

 

. 1. , , .

 

 

. , , ( ) . , . , , , , () . ,

 

294

 

(), .

, . , . , , , , . 1 .

, , , . - 1- 3- , 2- 4-, , , , , 2- 4- , . , , 1- 2- 3- 4-, . , -, , , , . , , , . , , , , . ( ), D , , , - , ,

 

295

 





:


: 2018-10-15; !; : 178 |


:

:

- , , .
==> ...

1779 - | 1566 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.199 .