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:
,
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| int | 0 32767 | 00077777 | 0000007fff | ||||
| unsigned int | - | 01000000177777 | 080000ffff | ||||
| long | 32768 2147483647 | 0200000 017777777777 | 010000 07fffffff | ||||
| unsigned long | 2147483647 4294967295 | 020000000000 037777777777 | 080000000 0ffffffff | ||||
| >4294967295 | >037777777777 | >0ffffffff | |||||
. 8 9, . 00 037777777777. 020000000000.
, 0x, . a ( A) f ( F). 00 0ffffffff. 080000000.
- , L, l (long) U, u (unsigned) ul, UL (unsigned long).
- .
1, 01, 0 x 1; /* , . 2.2 int*/
1 u, 01 u, 0 x 1 u; /*, unsigned int*/
1 L, 01 L, 01 L; /* , long*/
1 UL, 01 UL, 01 UL; /* , unsigned long*/
e (E). . double. L (l) F (f) long double float . . 2.3
2.3
| float | 3.4-38 3.4+38 |
| double | 1.7-308 1.7+308 |
| long double | 3.4-4932 3.4+4932 |
.
1.0+0, 1.0, 1., 1+0, 0.1 e +1; /* double*/
1.0+0 l, 1.0 l, 1. l, 1+0 l, 0.1 e +1 l; /* long double*/
1.0+0 f, 1.0 f, 1. f, 1+0 f, 0.1 e +1 f; /* float*/
enum. , ( int), . :
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enum [ ] { 1 [=],
2 [=], , N [=]};
1, 2,, N , . , . = , . 0, .
, . , , , . :
enum { zero, one, two, ten = 10, eleven, five = 5, six, sss };
zero, one, two, ten, eleven, five, six, sss : zero == 0, one == 1, two == 2, ten == 10, eleven ==11, five == 5, six ==6, sss == 7.
() , ( ). char. x, Z, DS, Sa. . , \, Esc-. (Esc -) \n, \0, \012, \x07\x07, \n\t. ++ Esc .
2.4
Esc- ++.
| N | - | - | () | |
| 1 | \ | 0x07 | Bel (audible bell) | |
| 2 | \b | 0x08 | Bs (backspace) | () |
| 3 | \f | 0x0c | Ff (form feed) | () |
| 4 | \n | 0x0a | Lf (line feed) | ( ) |
| 5 | \r | 0x0d | Cr (carriage return) | |
| 6 | \t | 0x09 | Ht (horizontal tab) | |
| 7 | \v | 0x0b | Vt (vertical tab) | |
| 8 | \\ | 0x5c | \ (backslash) | |
| 9 | \ | 0x27 | (single quote) | ( ) |
| 10 | \ | 0x22 | (double quote) | |
| 11 | \? | 0x3f | ? (question mark) | |
| 12 | \000 | 000 | (Octal number) | |
| 13 | \xhh | 0xhh | (hex number) |
Esc (, ..). . 0x0d, 0x0a (\r\n), . , , Esc , , .
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8 11 Esc- , \, , ,? . , \, \, Esc . , , , :\BC\BIN\bc.exe, C:\\BC\\BIN\\bc.exe, Esc \\.
Esc- \000 \hh . , (). . ASCII ( 1). W . ASCII 87, 127 57 . W W Esc-, \125 '\57'.
, . ASCII 866 MS-DOS . ASCII 1251 MS Windows. , , Ԓ ASCII 866 148, ASCII 1251 212. , DOS, Windows.
, , , ( ):
:
,
ESC-. , , \.
// 1.2
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
void main(){
std::cout<<"\n This is a string, \nor - \" string \",\
\n or - ";
std::cout<<"\"literal string \".";
getchar();
}
Esc- \n \ .
This is a string,
or- string,
or literal string.
, 00 ( ) , , \0 (\000, \x00). , .
:
;// , \0.
;/ \0 /
\ t /* , Esc-, \t, , (), . */
. - . . ++ :
[ ] (). -> ++ -- & * + - ~! sizeof
/ % << >> < > <= >= ==!= ^ | &&
||?: = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
,::.* ->* new delete typeid
[], () ?: . ++ , , , .. (, , , ). .
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( ):
& ;
* , .. , ( ). ;
- (-3);
+ ( ) (+5);
~ ( ) ~5 -6, (5 00000000 00000101 11111111 11111010, -6);
! () 0 ( , .. ) 1 ( , .. ). ++ : 0 (!0) . 0, 1. :!1 0;!2 0;!(-5.5) 0;!0 1;
++ ( ) , ;
++ ( ) ; :
int a = 3, b = 2;
b = (++a)-b; /* b = 2, a = 4. , b= b.*/
++ - ( ) . :
int a = 3, b = 2;
b = (a++)-b; /* b = 1, a = 4. b = a b, .*/
. ;
-- ( ) , ;
-- ( ) ;
-- - ( ) .
. ;
sizeof ( ) , . : sizeof sizeof ().
:
// 1.3
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
void main(){
std::cout<<"\n sizeof(int) = "<<sizeof(int);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(short) = "<<sizeof(short);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(long) = "<<sizeof(long);
std::cout<<"\n sizeof(float) = "<<sizeof(float);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(double) = "<<sizeof(double);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(char) = "<<sizeof(char);
std::cout<<"\n sizeof('2') = "<<sizeof('2');
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(2) = "<<sizeof(2);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(2L) = "<<sizeof(2L);
std::cout<<"\n sizeof(2U) = "<<sizeof(2U);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(2.) = "<<sizeof(2.);
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std::cout<<"\t sizeof(2.F) = "<<sizeof(2.F);
std::cout<<"\t sizeof(2.L) = "<<sizeof(2.L);
getchar();
}
. . 2.1, .. int , short .. , , , . , : 2 char, 2 int, 2L long, 2U unsigned int, 2. double, 2.F float, 2.L long double.
| sizeof(int)=4 | sizeof(short) = 2 | sizeof(long)=4 |
| sizeof(float)=4 | sizeof(double)=8 | sizeof(char)=1 |
| sizeof(2)=1 | sizeof(2) = 4 | sizeof(2L) = 4 |
| sizeof(2U)=2 | sizeof(2.) = 8 | sizeof(2.F)=4 |
| sizeof(2.L)=8 |
( ). :
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
:
+ ( );
- ( ).
:
* ;
/ . ( ) . , 19/3 6, -19/6 - 6.
% ( ). . . ++: 17%4 1, (-17)%4 1, 17%(-4) +1, (-17)%(-4) 1. : (a/b)*b+a%b = a.
( ).
:
_ _ _
<< , . n 2n. : 6<<2 24 (6 110 , .. , 11000 24 );
>> , . n 2n . : 9>>2 2 (9 1001 , .. , 10 2 ).
( ):
& () ;
| () ;
^ () .
2.5
&, |, ^
| a | b | a&b | a|b | a^b |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
, = 0 b = 0, a&b, a|b, a^b a&b = 0, a|b = 0, a^b = 0. , a b . , :
&, |, ^ 9 7.
():
< , ; , 5<6 (1), 5<4 (0);
> , ; : 5>6 (0), 5>4 (1);
<= ; , 5<=5 (1), 5<=4 (0);
>= ;
== ;
!= .
. 0 (), 1 ().
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:
&& () . 0 () 1 ();
|| () . 0 () 1 ().
2.6
&& ||
| a | b | a&&b | a||b |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
, = 0 b = 0, a&&b, a||b a&&b = 0, a||b = 0. , a b , , , , .. 1, , , .. 0. (), (). , , 9&&7 = 1, 9||7 = 1, 9&&-7=1, 0&&7 = 0.
l- , . l- (=, ), l- . , . . :
float a;
const double pi = 3.1415;
= 2; /* ( )*/
2 = ; /* ( )*/
pi = 3.14159; /* ( ) */
(+) = 3; /* ( ) */
, :
= - : = 10.3 +2*b;
*= : *=2 =*2;
/= : /=2.4- =/(2.4-);
%= : %=-2* =%(-2*);
+= : +=- = +-;
-= : -=5.2- =-5.2-;
<<= , , : <<=4 =a<<4;
>>= , , : >>=4 =a>>4;
&= , () &=34 =&34;
|= , () |= =|;
^= , () ^=+ =^(+).
, 1 op= 1 = 1 op (), op , .. op=.
- , , , (a= a+1;) (a+=1;)? , , . : , a; ; . : . , , .
:
. ( ) , , . :
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