-
. .
-
-
2018
51(075.8)
22.173
56
:
, . .
56 . : . / . . ,
ISBN 978-5-7937-1228-6
.. : , , , . .
51(075.8)
22.173
ISBN 978-5-7937-1228-6
Ļ, 2018
. ., 2018
4 | |
1. | 4 |
1.1. . . | 4 |
1.2 | 8 |
1.3. | 15 |
2 | 20 |
2.1. | 20 |
20 | |
23 | |
27 | |
2.2. | 32 |
32 | |
34 | |
3. | 38 |
3.1. | 38 |
. | 38 |
41 | |
44 | |
46 | |
. | 49 |
3.2. | 51 |
51 | |
58 | |
61 | |
65 | |
3.3. | 73 |
73 | |
81 | |
3.4. | 87 |
87 | |
89 | |
3.5. | 98 |
98 | |
103 | |
107 | |
109 | |
3.6. | 114 |
114 | |
118 | |
123 | |
3.7. | 129 |
7.1. | 129 |
134 | |
139 | |
7.2. | 140 |
4. | 145 |
4.1. | 145 |
4.2. | 149 |
4.3. | 150 |
. | 152 |
. | 156 |
4.4. | 157 |
158 | |
163 | |
165 | |
4.5. | 167 |
5. | 178 |
5.1. . . . , | 178 |
5.2. . | 182 |
189 | |
189 | |
191 |
|
|
, , . , . . .
.
. m n , , m n (m n). m ∙ n.
(1.1)
aij, , . i , j - .
, m ≠ n, m = n, n - . , , -. , - -. .
; (1.2)
, , . n a 11, a 22,..., ann . a 1 n, a 2 n -1,..., an 1 . , , , : aij = 0 i ≠ j.
. (1.3)
, , I E
(1.4)
, , ( ) , :
, . (1.5)
, , 頠 detA D(A).
|
|
:
det(A) = = a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21. (1.6)
(1.7)
det (A) = = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21a32 - a13a22 a31
- a12 a21 a33 - a11a23 a32.
. .
.
det I = 1.
Mik (), i - k - . Aik , Aik = (-1) i + k Mik.
, 3×3
(1.8)
(), det A ¹0, (), det A =0. :
. (1.9)
. . A= (aij) m,n B= (bij) k,q , (m=k, n=q) (aij = bij).
. . A= (aij) m,n B =(bij) m,n C =(cij) m,n , C A B, ..
C = A+B, cij = aij + bij. (1.10)
. .
. A= (aik) m,n a C =(cij) m,n, A a:
C = a A, cij = a × aij. (1.11)
.
.
. A mk ∙B kn = Ckn , A B, m∙ n.
(1.12)
" ". , A∙B ≠ B∙A.
. A = B = .
, , . (1.12) :
A, B - , det (A ∙ B) = detA ∙ detB.
.
.
A , A.
, A = , At = .