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2.

 

2 .1 . ,

60- . , . , , : , ( , ), (- ), ( ) ( ). : !, !, ϻ; .[45] , , .

, . , , , , , .

1949 , , . 1990- , .

, , (1989), F.Fukuyama (1992), Giorgio Agamben The Coming Community (1993) [La Comunitacheviene, 1990]. , , - [Singularity]: Whatever singularities cannot form a societas because they do not possess any identity to vindicate nor any bond of belonging for which to seek recognition.[46] , , , , .

K. R. Popper TheOpenSocietyandItsEnemies (1945), , , J.St. Mill OnLiberty (1859).

. : Therehasbeen a timewhentheelementofspontaneityandindividualitywasinexcess, andthesocialprinciplehad a hardstrugglewithit. [47]. , . , .

, : , XX . , , [48]. : terranullius (, ); ; - [49].

, , .

SubalternStudies[50] , . [51].

, . , (, ) [52]. - () . , , . . , , . . . (unhomeleness) , (beinginthebeyond). , , . , , . , . , .. , , .

, [53], , , . , [54].

2.2

2.2.1

 

XX . , . : , - , , , .

. , , . , , . , XX . , (, ).

, , . . , . . , . , 1977 , ( ) , . . [55].

, () - . : , , , - . [56]

, - , , .

, . , , , , .

, 1917 1991 . , . . . 61% , 57%, 53%. [57] , . , 1980- ., .

David L. Hoffmann , ( ), . , , , , , [58].

 

2.2.2

( 1920- ). : , , .

, , . .

, - . . , "All Ideological State Apparatuses, whatever they are, contribute to the same result: the reproduction of the relations of production, i.e. of capitalist relations of exploitation".[59] , , .

- . , , , , , - , , , . , , , .

. , , . . : (17-19 ) , , . : , .[60] , . , - ( ).

. , (, , ), . , , , ( ).[61]

, , . , , , .

, , / / . , [62]. . : , . , , - .

, . : , , , , . , . , , , , , , [63].

20-30- , . , . 1915 : , , . , , .[64] , , . , , . , . , , [65].

. , 1934 . , , , . , . , , [66]. 1936 () 4 , , [67]. , .

, .

, , . . , . . , , , [68].

 

2.3 .

, , , . , , , , , . XIX . . . , . 1867 II -. 1886 .

, . , . . , ; , . 1905-1906 . , . - . 1888 , 10 , 1898 . ; , XIX : 15 ., 10 [69].

, , .

. , 1917 , .
1916 . , . 1914 . , .

2.4 .

. 90- . , . , , , , , , , .

.. : , : . , , . , / , . , . [70].

, .

, 1920- 1930- ( [71]).

(.) , -: (, ). , , ..[72]

 

2.4.1

, . 30- . , . 4 : , , , . . , . - .

. . , . - . , , .

: . 308 [73]. , . .

. . 11 . 8000 . .
. .

2.4.2

. , . , 1940 1956 ., . 1917 3,9%, 2% 0,7%. 1 2%[74].

1918 , 1920 ( 1960 . .. ). . . , 10 . , 1981 , , .[75]

1990 , , 9-10 , 46.[76] , . , , . , , . , , , . , , , -, .

1948 . , .

, , .

 

1984 28 , 60 , 5 , 35 , 7 . 20 . ( 1989 ). 5 . 1989 , 1984 10 , 929 1163 . 61 178 , 42 10 . 377 , 4,1 [77].

. - ( . ), , , . , . ( . ). , .

 

- , .


, . .

 

, .

 

. .. , : , , . , , - , , , , , [78].

, , , . . . : , -, , , . , . : , , , . , , , ( . . , , 1940. . 15)[79].

. : 1 . , , . , , . 2 . ( ), , 1930 ., , [80].

, , .

2.4.3 .

, . , , . 30- . . 1991 . 1929 , .

, : 1943 . 1946 - . 1971 - . 1945 . , , .

, : , .

, . 27 1987 . , , ( ). H , , . , , , , , , , . , , - [81].

 

2.4.4 .

, 1917 , , . , , 10%, 20%, 30%. . , , . , , , . .

. . ( 30- .), 80- . . .

, 80- 90- ., . , , . . , , 23 [82]. ( ). , . . , , ; , , , - , .

 

2.4.5

, , , . , . , Martha Brill Olcott: All the states in the Central Asian region have legitimate interests in seeking to create loyal citizens with a shared national ideology, and in foreign policy. But the current strategy of limiting options for the citizens of these, through greatly increased restriction of access to the market of ideas through tougher controls of the internet, greater supervision of religious materials coming from abroad, reducing the number of religious groups allowed to operate in the country, is a form of paternalism. All governments are paternalistic to some degree, especially when they perceive an external risk. But exaggerating the risk, or being excessively paternalistic, can create unintended consequences[83].

, , , [84].

, . , , . . , , . , , , [85] - . .

- . . , . (, ) . , . , 19 . , . , , . , , , . , - [86].

. , , , . .

 

- , , , , . , , : - .

: [87] - . : , , , - , , , , , , . , , , , [88].

, - , : , , , , , , , [89].

- . , , . , .

, , . . , , - .

, , (, . ): AgeneralStateeducationisamerecontrivanceformouldingpeopletobeexactlylikeoneanother: andasthemouldinwhichitcaststhemisthatwhichpleasesthepredominantpowerinthegovernment/ , , , , [90].

. , , , , , : Theideologyofneoliberalglobalizationhasbeenonarollsincetheearly 1980s. It was not in fact a new idea in the history of the modern world-system, although it claimed to be one. It was rather the very old idea that the governments of the world should get out of the way of large, efficient enterprises in their efforts to prevail in the world market. The first policy implication was that governments, all governments, should permit these corporations freely to cross every frontier with their goods and their capital. The second policy implication was that the governments, all governments, should renounce any role as owners themselves of these productive enterprises, privatizing whatever they own. And the third policy implication was that governments, all governments, should minimize, if not eliminate, any and all kinds of social welfare transfer payments to their populations. This old idea had always been cyclically in fashion. // 80-. , -, . , , , , . , ( ) . , ( ) , , . , -, , , , , , . [91].

, ; , . , , , .

, 1960- ( , ..). , , , . , ( , ), , . , . : : , , I amvisible, I amanimage - look! look! This is not even narcissism, merely an extraversion without depth, a sort of self-promoting ingenuousness whereby everyone becomes the manager of their own appearance. [92]

, . , , . , .

, , , , ?

 

3. : .

 

, . , - , , , (locals) (migrants). : , . mainstreamsociety , - , . , , , , , : .

, , , . , , - : , , . : , , , . , , , .

, , . - .

1) , , 28 . , , . , , , . , , , . , RefugeeCrisis . , , .

2) , , , . , , .

3) , - , . , . , - , , .

4) , . , , . , .

5) , , , - (). , 85% , 2017 , - . , - .

6) , 30 , : 1990-1996 . 2014-2015 . .

7) , , . , : , , , . , , , .

8) . ( 4,8 . 2017 ), (1,26 . , 2016 ). , , (firstresidencepermit) 2016 3,3 . , .

: .

. , , , . , , , , , , . , , , : , , ... , . , ... , , . , . - nations-states . , , , , .

, , .. , , , , . , , , , , . , , : , , , . , , , , . , ( ), , , . , , - , ?

, - : . , , : , , , - . , - , , , . , , , , . , ( , ?) ., , , , .

-, : , ; ;



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