Stopping smoking takes some time. There are some stages. If you get to the final stage and fail, just start from the beginning. If you have tried before and failed, still have another go. If you are not sure that you can make it, think of this: there are millions of people who have stopped smoking. So you can do it too. Make up your mind you are going to stop, and you will. Lots of people have been surprised how easy it was to stop once they had really made up their minds. Think about what you gain by stopping.
Right now
You will be free from an expensive and damaging habit. You will be healthier and breathe more easily for example, when you climb stairs or run for a bus.
You will be free of the worry that you may be killing yourself.
For the future
You will lose your smokers cough.
You will suffer fewer colds and other infections.
You will avoid the dangers that smokers face.
On average, people killed by smoking lose 10 or 15 years of their lives.
If you stop smoking before you get cancer or serious heart or lung disease from smoking, then you will avoid nearly all the risks of death or disability from smoking.
And although the main risk of smoking is to the smoker, nonsmoker who lives with the smoker have a higher chance of getting chest disease.
So whats stopping you?
3. Questions to the text A.
1. Why do most young people smoke?
2. What changes does the attitude about smoking have?
3. Why is passive smoking harmful?
4. Why is smoking one of the hardest habits?
4. Complete the sentences
1. Nicotine is a substance
2. Nicotine is a stimulant
3. Cigarette smoke contain
4. Tar is a factor
5. Tar damages
6. Gases in cigarette smoke increase
7. Smokeless tobacco causes
5. Prove the statement: Smoking damages the health.
6.Give your reasons to give up smoking.
7. Your friend is going to give up smoking. Encourage him
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. . .
5. , .
8. Situations
1. You are a leader of the anti-smoking campaign. Write down the slogans of it.
2. Mike is fond of sport. He chooses a healthy active life without smoking. Tell what exactly he chooses.
| Mike chooses | , . , . |
TOPIC 38. CANCER
Cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases of our time. It takes away many lives. Remember that the way you live influences your health.
1.Match the words and their translations
| 1. repair injuries 2. replace normal tissue 3. get into the bloodstream 4. removecancer cells 5. cure cancer 6. relieve the symptoms 7. environmental factors 8. lead to cancer 9. environmental pollution |
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2.Study the new words
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1. abnormal growth
2. divide
3. become an adult
4. worn-out or dying cells
5. invade -
6. tumor
7. undergoaminoroperation
8. sample
9. mean ,
10. destroy
11. damage
12. getridof -
13. heredity
14. obesity ,
15. lack of -
16. enhance abnormalities
3.Say into English using the new words and the text
/ , / / / / / / / / / / / / .
1.Cancer is characterized by an abnormal growth of cells. The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide and die. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries.
2.Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do.
3.Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body.
4.There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer and so on. Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and even death. Cancer treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
5.The first is surgery, normally an operation to remove the cancerous growth, and (depending on its type) nearby tissues and organs. A cancer patient may first undergo a minor operation called a biopsy to take a small sample of the cancer for analysis. The surgeon will try to remove as much of the cancer as possible, but sometimes extra treatment will be needed.
6.Chemotherapy ( sometimes called chemo) simply mean s drug treatment and aims to cure cancer or relieve any symptoms that cancer can cause. Chemotherapy either kills cancer cells or stops them dividing. Chemo reaches the cancer cells through the bloodstream and destroy s them as theyre in a dividing phase.
7.Radiotherapy is a way of treating cancer using radiation. It damage s cells in the area being treated. Radical radiotherapy is used to try to completely get rid of cancer cells. The radiotherapy is given in small doses five days a week, often for four to five weeks. Prophylactic radiotherapy is given to stop cancer coming back in the same area after surgery and to reduce the risk of the cancer spreading (metastasis) to other organs. The radiotherapy is given in small doses five days a week for several weeks. Palliative radiotherapy is used when cancer cant be cured and is given to treat symptoms from cancer or to control the growth of the cancer. It is given in a single dose or a few doses over a much shorter period of time.
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8.Cancer is a disease due environmental factors such as lifestyle and due to heredity. Common environmental factors leading to cancer include: smoking, diet and obesity, infections, radiation, stress, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollution. These environmental factors cause or enhance abnormalities in the genetic material of cells.
4.Look through the text and say what every passage is about. Choose the right variant.
| The first passage The second passage The third passage The fourth passage The fifth passage The sixth passage The seventh passage The eighth passage | is about |
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5.Translate the text into Russian
6.Answer the questions.
1. What is cancer?
2. When does cancer start?
3. What is the difference between cancer cell growth and normal cell growth?
4. How does the process of metastasis go on?
5. How many types of cancer are there?
6. What does cancer treatment include?
7. What factors can lead to cancer?
7.Fill in the table
| Types of cancer treatment | Means of cancer treatment | Aim of cancer treatment |
| 1.____________________ a 2.____________________ 3.____________________ a. b c |
TOPIC 39. HEPATITIS
The knowledge and understanding the nature of hepatitis is the way to defend yourself. This lesson will help you.
1.Review the given words.
Inflammation / liver / cells / tissue / occur / jaundice / loss of appetite / malaise / acute / cause / cases / transmit / contaminated food / fatigue / fever / abdominal pain / nausea / itching / dark urine / prevent / avoid / needles / syringes / spread / cure.
2.Study the words
1. ingestion -
2. exhibit ,
3. sanitation
4. exposure
5. clear the infection
6. replicate
7. scarring
3.Read and translate the text.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. The condition can be healing on its own or can progress to fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis. Hepatitis may occur with limited or no symptoms, but often leads to jaundice, loss of appetite and malaise. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be due to toxins (alcohol, certain medications), other infections.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted person-to-person by ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with an infectious person.The incubation period is between two and six weeks and the average incubation period is 28 days.
Early symptoms of hepatitis A infection can be mistaken for influenza, but some people exhibit no symptoms at all. Symptoms of hepatitis A infection include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, appetite loss, jaundice, weight loss, itching, dark urine. Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene and sanitation.
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There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Patients should rest, avoid fatty foods and alcohol, eat a well-balanced diet.
Hepatitis B virus(HBV) results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Possible forms of transmission include sexual contact, blood transfusions, re-use of contaminated needles and syringes, and vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.
The acute hepatitis B infection causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice and rarely, death. Chronic hepatitis B may cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. The infection is preventable by vaccination.
Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously. Treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, thus minimizing liver damage.
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by blood-to-blood contact. The infection is often asymptomatic, it is mostly discovered accidentally. Persistent infection can be treated with medication. 51% are cured overall. No vaccine against hepatitis C is currently available. Chronic infection can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis) which is generally apparent after many years.
4.Say into English
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3.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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5.Fill in the table using the text Hepatitis
| The Types of the Disease | The Cause of the Disease | The Symptoms of the Disease | The Treatment of the Disease | The Preventive Measures |
| Hepatitis A | ||||
| Acute Hepatitis B | ||||
| Chronic Hepatitis B | ||||
| Hepatitis C |
6.Answer the questions
1. What is hepatitis?
2. When is hepatitis acute and chronic?
3. What are the causes of hepatitis?
4. What should the patient with hepatitis A do to get well?
5. What may chronic hepatitis B and C cause?
7. Fill in the gaps using the given words.
Hepatitis
vaccination / an inflammation / liver cirrhosis and cancer / viruses / infectious blood / reduce / sanitation / treatment / avoid fatty foods / acute / jaundice / replicating / contaminated
Hepatitis is 1________________of the liver. Hepatitis may be 2______________ and chronic. Most cases of hepatitis are caused by a group of 3______________, alcohol, certain medications, other infections. Hepatitis can be transmitted by ingestion of 4_____________________food or water, through direct contact with an infectious person, by exposure 5_______________________________________ to or body fluids. Symptoms of acute hepatitis include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, appetite loss,6__________________, weight loss, itching, dark urine. Chronic hepatitis can cause 7__________________________________. Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene and 8___________________. Hepatitis B is preventable by 9__________________. Acute hepatitis doesnt usually require 10_________________. Patients should rest, and 11________________________alcohol, eat a well-balanced diet. Treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to 12_______________ the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer and to stop the virus from 13 _____________________.
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VI. MICROORGANISMS
:
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- , .
:
- - ;
- , - ;
- .
:
1. , .
2. .
3. , .
TOPIC 40.MICROORGANISMS
As you know, microorganisms are very small one-celled organisms. Studying this topic youll learn where they can be found and how they can influence our bodies.
1.Match the words in the columns
| 1. oxygen 2. virulent 3. to invade 4. disease 5. to destroy 6. to occur 7. tissues 8. to fight 9. mucous 10. skin | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. |
2.Read the text and find the English equivalents of the given words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are very tiny one-celled organisms, viruses, and bacteria. They are found everywhere in the world. They are found in all living things, plants and animal. Microorganisms can live in the air, on land, and in fresh or salt water environments. Some of them can be harmful and causes diseases, but there are some microorganisms that are needed for living things to survive.
All existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic organisms must have atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth. But free oxygen is not favourable for the development of anaerobic microorganisms.
Any minute virulent microorganisms may invade the human body. But due to the local protective agents of the human organism they are destroyed. In this case no disease occurs.
However the local protective agents of the human body are not always able to destroy completely the invading microorganisms. In this case a local or general infection may occur.
Most of the microorganisms produce diseases when they enter the tissue and destroy it. But the human organism can fight against microorganisms which have passed its first protective barriers, such as skin and mucous membrane.
3.Answer the questions
1. What are microorganisms?
2. Where are they found?
3. Where can microorganisms live?
4. What groups can all microorganisms be divided into?
5. What organisms must have free oxygen for their life and growth?
6. When do most of the microorganisms produce diseases?
7. In what case does no disease occur?
8. In what case may a local or general infection occur?
4.Speak English.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. , .
8. , .
TOPIC41. VIRUSES
You already know that viruses cause many infectious diseases that ruin the health of people. Studying this topic youll learn about the structure, origin and spread of these small infectious agents.
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1.Study the new words.
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2.Look through the passages. Title them using the given titles.
| Structure of viruses | General characteristics | Spread of viruses |
| Origin of viruses | Treatment of viral diseases |
1.____________________________. A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected by a virus, a host cell is forced to produce many thousands of identical copies of the original virus, at an extraordinary rate. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses are assembled in the infected host cell. Over 2,000 species of viruses have been discovered.
2.____________________________.A virus consists of two or three parts: genes, made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry the genetic information; a protein coat that protects the genes; and some viruses have an envelope of fat that surrounds and protects them when they are not contained within a host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses are about 100 times smaller than bacteria.
3.____________________________.Viruses spread in many different ways. Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by insects and other organisms, known as vectors. Some viruses of animals are spread by blood-sucking insects. Each species of virus relies on a particular method. Influenza viruses are spread through the air by people when they cough or sneeze, noroviruses are transmitted by the faecal-oral route, contaminate hands, food and water. Rotavirus is often spread by direct contact with infected children. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus HIV, is transmitted during sexual contact and by the exposure of infected blood.
4._____________________________.The origins of viruses is unclear: some may have evolved from plasmidspieces of DNA that can move between cellswhile others may have evolved from bacteria.
5._____________________________.Viral infections often cause disease in humans and animals, however they are usually eliminated by the immune system. Examples of common human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, influenza, chickenpox and measles. Many serious diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis are caused by viruses. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but antiviral drugs have been developed to treat life-threatening infections. Vaccines that produce lifelong immunity can prevent some viral infections.
3.Translate the 1stpassage into Russian.
4.Read the 2d passage and do the tasks A and B.
A. Name three parts of a virus.
1.______________________ 2.________________________ 3._____________________
B. Complete the sentences and translate them.
1. Genes are made of __________________________________________________
2. Genes are __________________________________________________________
3. A protein coat ______________________________________________________
4. An envelope of fats __________________________________________________
5. Viruses may be ______________________________________________________
5.Read the 3d passage. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the mistakes. Translate the sentences.
1. Viruses spread in different ways.
2. Plant viruses are often spread by vectors.
3. Some viruses of animals are spread by butterflies.
4. Influenza viruses are spread through the food by people when they cough or sneeze.
5. Noroviruses are transmitted by the faecal-oral route, contaminate hands, food and water.
6. Rotavirus is often spread by indirect contact with infected children.
7. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus HIV is transmitted during sexual contact and by the exposure of infected blood.
6.Read the 4thand 5thpassages. Answer the questions. Translate the answers.
1. Where have viruses evolved from?
2. What do viral infections cause?
3. What system eliminates viruses?
4. What diseases are caused by viruses?
5. What drugs can help to treat viral infections?
6. What can prevent some viral infections?
7.Fill in the gaps using the given words.
long molecules / helical / eliminate / viral infections / protects / influenza / protein coat / measles / genetic / complex / prevent / surrounds / antiviral drugs
A virus consists of two or three parts: genes, a _____________ and an envelope of fat. DNA or RNA are _________ that carry the ___________ information. A protein coat ________ the genes. An envelope of fat __________ and protects viruses. Viruses may be __________ and icosahedral or have more _________ structures. __________________ cause diseases in human and animals. Common colds, ___________, chicken-pox and _____________ are caused by viruses. The immune system helps to ______________ viruses. ________________ treat viral infections. Vaccines can ____________ some viral infections.
TOPIC 42. BACTERIA
Do you know that the term bacteria was introduced in the 19th century by the German botanist Ferdinand Cohn (1828-98)? Studying this topic youll be able to enrich your knowledge about bacteria, their shapes, habitant and influence on the living organisms.
1.Arrange () the sentences according to the given titles. Translate the sentences.
1. General characteristics
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2. Shapes of bacteria
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3. Habitat ( ) of bacteria
4. Harmful bacteria
5. Beneficial bacteria
1. curved
2. comma-shaped
3. cluster of grapes
4. anthrax
5. fertile
6. inhibit ,
7. lactic acid
1. Some types of bacteria can cause diseases and become harmful to the environment, animals and humans.
2. Bacteria in our digestive system help to convert milk protein into lactic acid and inhibit the growth of potentially harmful bacteria.
3. Bacteria is commonly found in the ground, water and in other living organisms.
4. Bacteria (bacterium) are a large group of minute single-celled microorganisms.
5. Bacteria help produce the food we eat and keeps the soil fertile, it also helps us digest our food.
6. Some rod-shaped bacteria, called vibrio (), are slightly curved or comma-shaped; others, can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla.
7. Some bacteria offer benefits that we likely could not live without.
8. Many bacteria exist as single cells, others form pairs, chains and group together in "cluster of grapes".
9. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a milliliter of fresh water.
10. Bacteria vary in shapes.
11. They cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague.
12. Most bacterial species are spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli).
13. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics.
14. They are among the oldest living organisms on the Earth.
| Shapes of bacteria | 
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