e.g. I know how to swim. (can /may) I can swim.
16. It is necessary for you to phone Martin. (must/might)
17. It is possible that Ann will be here this evening. (can / might)
18. It is not necessary for you to wait. (mustn't / needn't)
19. It's not good for people to watch TV all the time. (mustn't /shouldn't)
20. Do you want me to open a window? (shall/will)
5. Correct (+) or wrong ()?
21. You should had told me before.
22. You have better to stop smoking.
23. Why had you to go to work yesterday?
6. Choose the correct answers:
24. She has new clothes every week. She can / could / must have plenty of money.
25. She doesn't answer the phone. She mustn't / can't shouldn't be in her office.
26. Bill isn't here. He may has gone / may have gone / may have go home.
Make these sentences more polite. (Different answers are possible.)
e.g. Give me some water. Can I have some water?
27. I want a cup of coffee.
28. Can I take a photograph of you?
29. Close the door, John.
Conditional sentences
Type One
The sentences of this type express real or very probable situations in the present or future.
| Main clause | If-clause |
| Future Simple / imperative / can/ may/might/must/should + bare infinitive Present Simple (for general truths) | Any present form (Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect) |
| He will be on time for the meeting if he leaves early. If you are tired, go to bed! If you have finished your work, we can go for a walk. If you heat water, it boils. (general truth, zero conditional) I will ask her if I should see her. (slight possibility) | |
1.1 Match the following parts of the sentences:
1. If I go on a diet, A. well make a snowman.
2. If its sunny tomorrow, B. Ill buy you some chocolate.
3. If John doesnt hurry, C. shell have to take a taxi.
4. If it snows, D. Ill lose weight.
5. If there are no buses, E. hell be late.
6. If you are a good girl, F. well go for a picnic.
NOTE 1: unless means if not (normally used with 1st type conditionals) e.g. Well go for a picnic unless it rains. = Well go for a picnic if it does nt rain.
Unless is used only in the sense except if : e.g. My wife will be upset if I dont get back tomorrow. My wife will be upset unless I get back tomorrow. If not doesnt mean except if here.
1.2 Fill in: unless or if:
1. If you make so much noise, I wont be able to sleep.
2. Ill tell you ____ there are any messages for you.
3. I wont finish the work ____ you help me.
4. ____ you are hungry, Ill make you a sandwich.
5. Well miss the bus ____ we hurry.
6. They wont get married ____ he gets a job.
1.3 Join the beginnings and ends together, using unless instead of if not:
|
|
|
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there's a strike.
| Beginnings | Ends |
| if he doesn't start working.
if I don't phone to say I can't come.
if I don't go out.
if it doesn't rain.
if the children don't want it.
if there isn't a change of government.
|
1.4 Zero conditional. Put the verbs into the correct tense:
e.g. Water (freeze) if the temperature falls below zero. Water freezes if the temperature falls below zero.
1. If he's angry, his face always _____ (go) bright red.
2. If you put your money in a savings account, you _____ (get) ten percent interest.
3. If the microphone isn't working, you _____ (can not) hear what he's saying.
4. The radio _____ (not work) if the batteries are flat.
5. If there _____ (be) only a few students, we usually close one of the classes.
6. The machine _____ (not work) if it doesn't have enough oil.
7. If a balloon is filled with hot air, it _____ (rise).
8. If water _____ (boil), it changes into steam.
9. The machine stops automatically if something _____ (go) wrong.
1.5 Join the beginnings and ends, putting in if:
| Beginnings | Ends |
| anybody asks you what you're doing, How can you make decisions I buy three kilos, I don't get up till nine, I can't fix the video, I'll go with you The shops are easy to get to We don't have to go out you're ready before eight, You have to practise | I'll take it back to the shop. you're not feeling up to it. say you're with me. that'll do for a few weeks. I never get anything done. we can catch the early train. you want to learn a musical instrument. you don't know what's going on? you like. you park near the station. |
NOTE 2: Note the difference between if and when If: something may happen. When: something definitely happens.
1.6 If or when?
1. _____ I become President.
2. _____ it gets dark.
3. _____ the film finishes.
4. _____ she passes her exam.
5. _____ it doesn't rain tomorrow.
6. _____ I wake up tomorrow.
7. _____ you change your mind.
8. _____ his parents die.
9. _____ the bus stops
1.7 Write these sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the present Simple or the Future Simple:
e.g. If the trains late, we will walk (walk).
1. If you _____ (say) that again, I _____ (scream).
2. I _____ (be) surprised if she _____ (manage) to sell that car.
3. If the boys _____ (come) to supper, I _____ (cook) chicken breasts.
4. I _____ (need) some money if we _____ (go) out tonight.
5. I _____ (miss) you if we _____ (move) to Wales.
6. If you _____ (wash) up, I _____ (dry).
7. Ann _____ (be) sorry if Helen _____ (not come).
8. If you _____ (get) lonely, I hope you _____ (phone) me any time.
9. If you _____ (look) in the top drawer, you _____ (find) your passport.
10. It _____ (be) funny if Norman _____ (get) the job.
|
|
|
NOTE 3: We use in case to talk about precautions things we do to be ready for what might happen. After in case we use a present tense to talk about the future.
e.g. Ive bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch.
In caseis not the same as if.Compare:
I'll buy a bottle of wine (now) in case Roger comes (later). I'll buy a bottle of wine (later) if Roger comes (and if he doesn't come I won't).
1.8 If or in case?
1. I'm taking my umbrella with me _____ it rains.
2. I'll open the umbrella _____ it rains.
3. People phone the fire brigade _____ their houses catch fire.
4. People insure their houses _____ they catch fire.
5. We have a burglar alarm _____ somebody tries to break in.
6. The burglar alarm will go off _____ somebody tries to break in.
7. I'll let you know _____ I need help.
8. I'll take the mobile phone _____ I need to phone you.
NOTE 4: We can use should in the if-clause when we are less sure about the possibility problematic condition: e.g. If I should meet her, Ill ask her. (I may meet her, but I doubt it.)
Type Two
The sentences of this type express improbable situations in the present or future (UNREAL PRESENT). It is also used to give advice.
| Main clause | If-clause |
| WOULD / COULD / MIGHT + bare infinitive | Past Simple or Past Continuous |
| If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (not likely to happen) If I were you, I wouldnt go out with him. (advice) | |
NOTE 1: were is used instead of was in all persons.
NOTE 2: We can omit "if". When we omit "if" should, were and had (Past Perfect) come before the subject.
e.g. If he should turn up, tell him to wait for me. → Should he turn up, tell him to wait for me.
If I were you, I would speak to her. → Were I you, I would speak to her.
If he had known, he would have told us. → Had he known, he would have told us.
2.1 What would you do in each situation? Write unreal present conditionals, use the ideas below:
call an ambulance, complain to the manager, run away, try to catch it,
walk to the nearest garage to get some, ring the police
1. You find a fly in your soup.
2. You see a burglar breaking into your house.
3. You see a mouse in your kitchen.
4. Your car runs out of petrol.
5. You see an accident.
6. You see a ghost in your room.
2.2 Put in the correct verb forms:
1. The kitchen _____ (look) better if we _____ (have) red curtains.
2. I _____ (be) sorry if we _____ (not see) her again.
3. It _____ (be) a pity if Andy ______ (not get) the job.
4. If I _____ (know) his address, I _____ (go) round and see him.
5. What _____ (you do) if you _____ (win) the lottery?
6. It _____ (be) quicker if you _____ (use) a computer.
7. If you _____ (not be) so busy, I _____ (show) you how to play.
8. If we _____ (have) some eggs, I _____ (make) you a cake.
9. If you really _____ (love) me, you _____ (buy) me those diamonds.
10. I'm sure Moira _____ (help) you if you _____ (ask) her.
Type Three
The sentences of this type express unreal or improbable situations in the past (UNREAL PAST). It is also used to express regrets and criticism.
| Main clause | If-clause |
| WOULD / COULD / MIGHT + have + past participle | Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous |
| e.g. If I had locked the car, it wouldnt have been stolen. (regret; it is a pity I did not lock it.) e.g. If he had behaved well, the teacher wouldnt have punished him. (criticism) | |
3.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
If John 1 ____ (oversleep), he 2 ____ (not / be) late for work. If he 3 ____ (not /be) late for work, his boss 4 ____ (not / fire) him. If John 5 ____ (not / lose) his job, he 6 ____ (not / need) money and he 7 ____ (not / rob) the bank. If he 8 ____ (not / rob) the bank, the police 9 ____ (not / arrest) him.
|
|
|
3.2 Match the parts of the sentences:
| 1. If I hadnt missed the bus, 2. If she hadnt fell ill this morning, 3. If the food hadnt been awful, 4. If he had passed his exams, 5. If the salary had been good, 6. If it hadnt been my birthday, | a) he would have gone to university. b) Chris wouldnt have given me. c) she would have gone to school. d) I would have accepted the job. e) I wouldnt have been late for work. f) we would have eaten it. |
3.3 Put in the correct verb forms:
1. If I _____ (know) you were coming, I ________ (invite) some friends in.
2. He ___________ (go) to university if his father __________ (not be) ill.
3. If you _____ (say) you weren't hungry, I __________ (not cook) such a big meal.
4. The team __________ (win) if Jones __________ (play) better.
5. If they _______ (not cut) off the electricity, I _______ (finish) my work.
6. If Bell _____ (not invent) the telephone, somebody else __________ (do) it.
7. If you _____ (not spend) so much time making up, we __________(not be) late.
8. The burglars __________ (not get) in if you _____(remember) to lock the door.
9. If he ______ (not be) a film star, he __________ (not become) President.
10. If she __________ (have) more sense, she __________ (sell) her car years ago.
Revision 1
4.1 Choose the correct verb forms:
1. If she (comes/came) late again, she'll lose her job.
2. I'll let you know if I (find/found) out what's happening.
3. If we (live/lived) in a town, life would be easier.
4. I'm sure he wouldn't mind if we (arrive/arrived) early.
5. (We'll/We'd) phone you if we have time.
6. If I won the lottery, I (will/would) give you half the money.
7. It (will/would) be a pity if she married Fred.
8. If I'm free on Saturday, I (will/would) go to the mountains.
9. She (will/would) have a nervous breakdown if she goes on like this.
10. I know I'll feel better if I (stop/stopped) smoking.
4.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
e.g. If she hadnt broken (not / break) the window, she wouldn't have had to pay for a new one.
1. If it _____ _____ (not/be) cold, they wouldn't have lit the fire.
2. If she studied more, she _____ _____ (be) a better student.
3. They _____ (not/see) the Queen if they hadn't visited London on that day.
4. If you should win that competition, you _____ _____ (be) rich.
5. If I lived in France, I _____ _____ (speak) French well.
6. If they _____ _____ (lock) the doors, the burglars wouldn't have got in.
7. We _____ _____ (have) a party if Alan passes his driving test.
8. I ____ _____ (give) John your message if I should see him today.
9. They ____ _____ (not/have) any money if their cousin hadn't lent them some.
10. Those plants _____ _____ (not/grow) if you don't water them.
4.3 Match the parts of the sentences:
| 1. You can see the boss 2. I would have bought it 3. We'll go to the beach tomorrow 4. He would go by plane 5. If she hadn't slept late, 6. If Paul enters the competition, 7. She won't go to work, 8. If he had locked his car, 9. I would buy that vase 10. He wouldn't have missed the meeting | a) unless it rains. b) provided that he is not too busy. c) had enough money with me. d) she wouldn't have missed the train. e) if it was cheaper. f) it wouldn't have been stolen. g) if he had been on time. h) unless she's better. i) he'll win. j) if I had enough money. |
|
|
|
4.4 Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause:
1. If I found a gun in the street, ...
2. You wouldn't have been punished ..
3. If you drink all that juice, ...
4. If you drive so fast, .
5. If you should see Mark this evening, .
6. If you had taken my advice, ...
7. Unless the weather improves, .
8. My father would have bought me a bicycle ...
9. He would have been very angry ..
10. If you aren't enjoying the film, ..
NOTE: as long as, providing (that), provided (that), in case, on condition (that), but for (= without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, if only, assuming(that) can be used instead of if:
e.g. You will get a seat providing/provided (that)/as long as/only if you reserve a ticket.
e.g. Only if you reserve a ticket, will you get a seat. (When we begin the sentence with "only if", we invert the subject and the verb of the result clause.)
e. g. Reserve a ticket, otherwise/or else you won't get a seat.
e. g. What if it rains, will you still go for a picnic with him?
e. g. Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic with him?
e. g. Will you still go for a picnic with him even if it rains?
e. g. But for him, I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If it hadn't been for him - without his help)
4.5 Rewrite the sentences replacing if with the most appropriate conjunction:
e.g. Mr Davidson says he'll come and give a talk at the conference if we pay him a reasonable fee. (supposing that / unless / on condition that) Mr Davidson says he'll come and give a talk at the conference on condition that we pay him a reasonable fee.
1. If your company went bankrupt, what would you do?' (just suppose, on condition, as long as)
2. 'If you had to live in another country, where would you go?' (on condition, unless, imagine)
3. 'We'll let him out of prison if he reports to the police station every day. (supposing, as long as, unless)
4. I'll take them to court if they don't pay me what they owe.' (imagine, provided that, unless)
5. 'If you won a million pounds - what would you do with it?' (providing, as long as, unless, imagine)
6. 'If they keep to the agreement, I'll give them the money.' (what if, imagine, so long as)
7. 'You'll be alright if you take some travellers' cheques.' (provided that, imagine, what if)
8. 'I'll complain to the manager if you don't give me a different room.' (as long as, unless, imagine)
9. 'If all the hotels were full, were would we stay?' (provided that, as long as, suppose)
10. I won't help him if he doesn't ask me properly. (provided / unless / as long as)
11. If I could get a job, life here would be perfect. (what if / even if / if only)
4.6 * Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form (first, second or zero conditional):
e.g. Oh dear, I think we're a bit late. If the concert's already started, we wont be allowed (not be allowed) to go in.
1. He wouldn't be coming here if he _____ (not want) to.
2. If you were planning to leave your husband, I _____ (advise) you against it.
3. He could be earning lots of money now if he really _____ (want) to, but I don't think that's what he wants.
4. You can stay here tonight if you _____ (not have) anywhere else to stay.
5. If I could have phoned you, I _____ (tell) you what was happening.
6. If you _____ (have) any problems, give me a ring.
7. If you _____ (get) here at about 8 o'clock, I'll be waiting for you.
8. We could have got there in time if you _____ (phone) us earlier.
9. If this should happen again, _____ (come) and _____ (tell) me about it immediately.
10. You can't expect kindness and support from your family if you _____ (not give) the same to them.
4.7 Circle the correct answer to the questions below:
1. 'If Mary found out what was happening, she'd be very angry. Is Mary going to find out what's happening?
A Maybe B Probably not
2. 'If Mary finds out what's happening, she'll be very angry.' Is Mary going to find out what's happening?
A Maybe B Probably not
3. 'If they sacked him, the factory would go on strike.' Are they going to sack him?
A Maybe B Probably not
4. 'If they sack him, the factory will go on strike.' Are they going to sack him?
|
|
|
A Maybe B Probably not
5. 'What would you do if someone told us to leave? Is someone going to tell us to leave?
A Maybe B Probably not
6. 'What will you do if someone tells us to leave?' Is someone going to tell us to leave?
A Maybe B Probably not
7. 'If they don't agree with me, I'll go to the director.' Are they going to agree with me?
A Maybe B Probably not
8. 'If they didn't agree with me, I'd go to the director.' Do they usually agree with me?
A Maybe B Yes C No
9. 'If I don't like your ideas, I'll say so.' Am I going to like your ideas?
A Maybe not B Probably
10. 'If I didn't like your ideas, I'd say so.' Do I usually like your ideas?
A Maybe B Yes C No
Mixed conditionals
All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.
| Type 2 | If they were playing all day, | they will be tired out now. | Type 1 |
| Type 2 | If I were you, | I would have invited her. | Type 3 |
| Type 3 | If she had saved the money, | She would go on holiday. | Type 2 |
5.1 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the centre of town. As usual, he only stole £10. If he 1) ___________ (leave) any clues, he 2) ___________ (be) in prison now, but he's much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he 3) ___________ (not/do) that, the police 4) ___________ (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Fingers doesn't seem to be interested in the money; if he 5) ___________ (be), he 6) ___________ (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he 7) ___________ (think) they weren't going to arrest Fingers eventually, he 8) ___________ (leave) the police force long ago.
5.2 The students in two teams read the text and in turn make Conditionals. Each correct sentence gets 1 point:
One night Paul was bored so he decided to go to the cinema. But the cinema was full because the film was very popular. Paul's friend lives near the cinema so he went to visit him. When he arrived, he heard his friend shouting for help. The door was open so Paul was able to get into the house. His friend had been painting and had fallen off the step-ladder. His leg was broken so he couldn't move. It was lucky that the cinema was full and Paul called round on him.
e.g. If Paul hadnt been bored, he wouldnt have decided to go to the cinema.
5.3 * Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences as in the example:
e.g. She isn't at the meeting because she wasn't told about it. She would be at the meeting if she had been told about it.
1. I didn't apply for the job. I don't want to work there.
2. He didn't take his job seriously. He's unemployed now.
3. He didn't train every day. He won't win the race.
4. I didn't book seats. We can't go to the concert tonight.
5. You didn't warn me. Now I'm in a difficult situation.
6. I don't know him very well so I didn't give him any advice.
5.4 * Match the clauses and write the mixed conditional sentences:
e.g. 1F - If you had told me about this problem earlier, everything would be all right now.
| 1. | A he probably won't be at the meeting.
B you could always ring them up.
C his wife would never have left him.
D you wouldn't have said that to her.
E I would have had them by now.
F |
5.5 Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the correct tense:
1. If you'd stayed at home, there _____ (not be) any trouble.
2. What would you do if he _____ (resign) tomorrow?
3. It's a pity John didn't come to the football. He _____ (liked) it.
4. I'll do it if he _____ (ask) me.
5. I wouldn't have been so upset if Judy _____ (write) to me earlier.
6. If we offered him more money, __________ (he stay) here?
7. If she's gone out, we _____ (ask) Peter to do it for us.
8. I _____ (look after) the bags if you carry the children.
9. We would have missed the train if we _____ (be) two minutes later.
10. It's a pity Terry wasn't at the party. He _____ (love) it.
Wishes
| Form | Use | |
| I wish (wish/regret about the present) | + Past Simple | Wish/regret about a present situation we want to be different |
| e.g. I wish you worked more efficiently. (Its a pity you dont work more efficiently) e.g. I wish I could drive a car. (But I cant) | ||
| I wish (regret about the past) | + Past Perfect | Regret that something happened or didnt happen in the past |
| e.g. I wish I had attended the seminar last Monday. (But I didnt. its a pity I didnt attend it.) | ||
| I wish (impossible wish for a future change) | + subject + would + bare infinitive (wish and would should have different subjects) | Wish for a future change unlikely to happen or wish to express dissatisfaction; polite request implying dissatisfaction or lack of hope |
| e.g. I wish he would drive more carefully. (But I dont think he will. wish for a future change unlikely to happen); e.g. I wish the children would be more cooperative. (The children have refused to cooperate. dissatisfaction) | ||
NOTE 1: In wishes we go one tense back we use the Past Simple in the present and the Past Perfect in the past.
NOTE 2: We can use were instead of was in all persons.
NOTE 3: if only means the same as I wish but it is more dramatic: e.g. If only I were richer!
6.1 Rewrite these sentences using I wish + past simple:
e.g. I'd love to live in Australia. Iwish I lived in Australia.
e.g. I hate having to go to school on Saturdays. Iwish I didn't have to go to school on Saturdays.
1. Why don't we go away more often?
2. I'd love to be a film star.
3. Why don't we have a bigger house?
4. I'd love to speak more languages.
5. I'd love to be able to cook.
6. Why is the school so expensive?
7. I never have enough money: it would be nice to have more.
8. I hate having to do homework every night.
9. He smokes.
10. I dont speak Russian.
6.2 Rewrite these sentences using I wish + past perfect:
e.g. I decided to work in London. Iwish I hadn't decided to work in London.
e.g. We didn't go to Alan's party. I wish we'd gone to Alan's party.
1. We went to live with my parents in Surrey.
2. I decided to stop working as a bus driver.
3. We put our money into a grocery shop.
4. We borrowed £3,000 to start the business.
5. We didn't realise that a supermarket was opening nearby.
6. The grocery shop closed down.
7. We lost all our money.
8. It was a mistake to leave Manchester.
6.3 Mr and Mrs Reynolds are worried about their children. Write what they want them to do, using I wish + would:
e.g. John never comes home before twelve o'clock. Iwish John would come home before twelve o'clock.
e.g. Sheila isn't very polite to her grandparents. Iwish Sheila would be more polite to her grandparents.
1. Peter doesn't wash very often.
2. Susan isn't working very hard for her exams.
3. John doesn't help with the housework.
4. I'd like Peter to give up smoking.
5. Sheila takes too many days off work.
6. I don't like John playing football all the time.
7. Sheila and Susan are very unkind to Peter.
8. John doesn't wear a tie very often.
6.6 Answer 'Yes' or 'No' and circle (A) or (B):
1. I wish I had a big car. Do I have a big car?
Am I talking about (A) the present? (B) the past?
2. I wish I'd gone to university. Did I go to university?
Am I talking about (A) the present? (B) the past?
3. If only she'd take the new job. Has she agreed to take the new job?
Am I talking about (A) the past? (B) the present/future?
4. I wish they hadn't phoned the police. Did they phone the police?
Am I talking about (A) the past? (B) the present/future?
5. I wish she spoke French. Can she speak French? Did she speak French?
Are we talking about (A) the past? (ii) the present?
6. I wish she would speak French. Can she speak French? Is she speaking French?
Are we talking about (i) the past? (B) the present/future?
7. I wish I could agree with you. Do I agree with you? Am I going to change my mind?
Am I talking about (A) the past? (B) the present?
8. If only he'd agreed with us. Did he agree with us?
Am I talking about (A) the present? (B) the past?
7. Its time
In clauses after it's time and would rather,a past tense has a present or future meaning.
e.g. It's time he went to bed.
It's time you washed those trousers.
'Shall I open a window?' I'd rather you didn't. '
Don't come today. We'd rather you came tomorrow.
7.1 Write sentences using It's time you/he/ etc:
e.g. You ought to clean that car. It's time you cleaned that car.
1. She should get her hair cut.
2. We ought to have a holiday.
3. You need to cut the grass.
4. You should wash that sweater.
5. You ought to stop smoking.
6. He ought to grow up.
7. We ought to paint the kitchen.
8. He needs a new car.
9. That team hasn't won a match for ages.
7.2 Rewrite the second sentence in each conversation, starting with I'd rather we/you/ etc:
e.g. 'You'd better phone Judy.' 'No, you phone her.'
I'd rather you phoned her.
1. 'Let's talk things over.' 'No, let's talk tomorrow.'
2. 'Shall I come at nine?' 'Ten would be better.'
3. 'I'll phone Sue.' 'No, don't.'
4. 'Can she work with you?' 'Why doesn't she work with Maggie?'
5. 'I'll cook tomorrow.' 'Tonight would be better.'
6. 'Ask that policeman.' 'You ask him.'
7. 'Mark wants to go out.' 'I'd prefer him to stay in.'
8. 'Can they use our sheets?' 'It would be more convenient if they brought their own.'
9. 'The government wants to cut taxes.' 'It would be better if they did something about the homeless.'
Revision 2
8.1 Using the bold type in the sentences, write wishes as in the example:
You are leaving for the airport. You can't find your passport.
You say: I wish I could find my passport.
You live in the suburbs. You prefer the city centre.
You say:
You argued with your mother yesterday. Today she is upset.
You say:
You didn't clean your bedroom and your mother is angry.
You say:
You want to go on holiday but you can't afford it.
You say:
8.2 Write sentences as in the example:
e.g. You want to visit your friend but you've got too much work to do. I wish I didnt have so much work to do. If I didnt have so much work to do,
I could visit my friend.
1. You went to bed late and didn't wake up in time for work.
2. You want to go to the safari park with Michael, but you're afraid of lions.
3. You would like to write a letter to Fred but you don't have his address.
4. You went skiing and broke your leg.
5. You didn't go to the concert because you didn't know about it.
6. You have to stay in bed because you've got the flu.
7. You are lost in London because you don't have a map.
8. You wanted to go to the theatre but you couldn't find any tickets anywhere.
9. You wanted to ring Kelly but you lost her phone number.
10. You want to make a coffee but you've run out.
8.3 * Rewrite the sentences using I wish + past simple, past perfect or would:
1. I haven't got a car. I would very much like to have one. I wish I had a car.
2. I went to bed late last night. I regret it now. I wish I hadn't gone to bed late last night.
3. We don't live in a nice big flat. I would like us to.
4. I didn't buy that dress. I regret it now.
5. He won't stop shouting. I would like him to.
6. I lost my temper. I regret it now.
7. You didn't tell me the truth. I am very sorry that you didn't.
8. You're playing that music. I would like you to stop playing it but I don't expect that you will.
9. I didn't go to that concert. I regret it now.
10. I don't have an interesting job. I would like my job to be more interesting.
8.4 * Complete the following sentences using the words in bold:
1. She would have stayed longer, but the babysitter needed to leave at 9.00.
Not If the babysitter had not needed to leave at 9.00, she would have stayed longer.
2. We stopped at the service station. Otherwise, we would have run out of petrol.
Not If __________ at the service station, we would have run out of petrol.
3. Tim couldn't have found the treasure without the map.
For But ______________________, Tim couldn't have found the treasure.
4. I would have bought you a present but I didn't know that it was your birthday.
Wish I ___________ it was your birthday; I would have bought you a present.
5. I grabbed his hand. Otherwise, he might have run into the road.
Case I grabbed his hand ____________________________ into the road.
6. It's a pity I didn't read that book.
wish I _____________________________________________ that book.
7. Ann can organise the concert but somebody must help her.
Helps Only if somebody ______________________________ the concert.
8. Helen would have lent you the money but you didn't ask her.
Asked If ______________________ she would have lent you the money.
9. I didn't finish my assignment because I came down with a terrible cold.
Would If Ihadn't come down with a terrible cold, ____________ my assignment.
10. I learnt to swim because you encouraged me.
Never I _______________________ to swim if you hadn't encouraged me.
11. Lee didn't drive me to the airport and as a result I missed my flight.
Wish I ____________ me to the airport; I wouldn't have missed my flight.
12. Kate will move to London but she must find a job first.
Finds Only if Kate ___________________________ move to London.
13. You can't lose weight without doing some exercise.
Not Unless you do some exercise, ______________________ weight.
Test yourself: conditionals
Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs:
e.g. If it is (be) fine tomorrow, we will go (go) for a picnic.
1. If I _____ (have) time tonight, I _____ (finish) the novel I'm reading.
2. If it _____ (rain) next weekend, we _____ (not able to) plant the vegetables.
3. If he _____ (be leaving) at 6 o'clock, I _____ (ask) him to give me a lift.
4. If she _____ (have drive) all that way since this morning, she _____ (be) tired and hungry.
5. If John _____ (be picked) for the team, he _____ (be boasting) about it for weeks!
Write Type 2 conditionals to match these situations:
e.g. I don't have a spare ticket. I can't take you to the concert. If I had a spare ticket, I would take you to the concert.
6. She drinks too much coffee. She doesn't feel calm.
7. He can't type. He isn't able to operate a computer.
8. They don't understand the problem. They won't find a solution.
9. He sits around too much. He isn't fit.
10. She is not in your position. She isn't able to advise you.
Comment on the following situations:
e.g. John ate too much birthday cake, so he was sick. If John hadnt eaten too much, he wouldnt have been sick.
11. We came home from our holiday early because we ran out of money.
12. The house didn't burn down because the fire brigade came immediately.
13. The men were wearing protective clothing, so they were all quite safe.
14. I had an accident because I wasn't watching the road.
15. I was sweating because it was so hot.
Supply if not or unless in these sentences. Note where you could use either:
e.g. Unless you tell/ If you dont tell (you/tell) me the whole story, I won't be able to help you.
16. He would be happier and healthier _______ (he/have) so many worries.
17. We couldn't have caught the plane __________ (we/break) the speed limit getting to the airport.
18. ____________ (management and unions/become) more flexible, there'll be a lot more strikes.
19. I'll be there by 7 o'clock ____________ (I/get held up) in the traffic.
20. ________________ (we/have) more rain soon, the plants will all die.
Use mixed tenses in these sentences:
e.g. If I were (be) you, I would have checked (check) my facts before I wrote that letter.
21. If you _____ (be) so hungry, you _____ (not miss) breakfast.
22. If he _____ (not catch) the 5.30 train, he _____ (not arrive) for another two hours.
23. He _____ (feel) very tired today if he _____ (play) rugby yesterday.
24. If the snake bite _____ (be) poisonous, you _____ (feel) very ill now.
25. If I _____ (be) in your position, I _____ (answer) his letter by now.
Module 4
