[6, c. 339] σ F ≤ σ F.
[14]
σ F = KF × YFS × Y β × Y ε × Ft / (0,85 × bw × m).
KF [14]:
KF = K × KF u × KF β × KF α,
K , ; K = 1 [14];
KF υ , , [14]:
ω Fv , / [14]:
δ F , [6, . 329, . 18.2], δ F = 0,016;
g 0 , [6, . 329, . 18.3], g 0 = 5,6;
KF β , ; , KF β = 1,21 (. 6.3);
KF α , , KF α = 1.
KF = 1 1,07 1,21 1 = 1,295;
YFS , ; z u x [14];
z u1 = z 1 / osδ1; z u2 = z 2 / osδ2;
z u1 = 19 / cos17,57 = 19,93; YFS 1 = 4,08;
z u2 = 60 / cos 72,429 = 198,75; YFS 2 = 3,6.
, . . , σ FP / YFS ;
: σ FP 1 / YFS 1 = 319,12 / 4,08 = 78,22 ;
: σ FP 2 / YFS 2 = 298,53 / 3,6 = 82,9 .
.
Y β , ; Y β = 1;
Y ε , ; Y ε = 1.
s F 1 = 1,293 4,08 1 1 1174,43 / (0,85 34 3,21) = 66,925 a;
66,925 < 319,12 .
. 6.3. KH β KF β :
H 1 ≤ 350 ; 2 ≤ 350
( H 1 > 350 ; 2 < 350 ); H 1 > 350 ; 2 > 350 ; I, II ,
(. ); 1
; 2 ;
¾ ; - - [8, c. 189]
2 < 350 , 1 < 350 2 < 350 KH β = 1.
|
|
. , , (. 7.1).
. 7.1.
1. =
= 4,0 .
2. n = 48 1.
3. i = 60.
4. .
5. .
6. Ln = 15000 .
,
(. . 3.1):
h = h1 × h2 × h3 × (h4)3 = 0,98 × 0,8 × 0,95 × (0,995)3 = 0,734;
h1 = 0,98 ;
h2 = 0,8 ;
h3 = 0,95 ;
h4 = 0,995 .
.
P = P / h = 4,0 / 0,734 = 5,45 ;
n = n × i =48 × 60 = 2880 1.
4100L2 = 5,5 , n c = 3000 1, n = 2880 1 (. . 3.3).
. u = 20, u = 60 / 20 = 3.
.
:
P 1 = P × h1 × h4 = 5,45 × 0,98 × 0,995 = 5,314 ;
P 2 = P 1 × h2 × h4 = 5,314 × 0,8 × 0,995 = 4,23 ;
P 3 = P 2 × h3 × h4 = 4,23 × 0,95 × 0,995 = 4 .
:
n I = n . = 2880 1;
n II = n I / u = 2880 / 20 = 144 1;
n III = n II / u = 144 / 3 = 48 1.
:
1 = 9,55 × 103 × 1 / n 1 = 9550 × 5,314 / 2880 = 17,621 × ;
1' = 9,55 × 103 × / n 1 = 9550 × 5,45 / 2880 = 18,072 × ;
2 = 9,55 × 103 × 2 / n 2 = 9550 × 4,23 / 144 = 280,53 × ;
3 = 9,55 × 103 × 3 / n 3 = 9550 × 4 / 48 = 795,83 × .
. 7.1.
7.1
n, 1 | , | , | |
5,45 | 18,072 | ||
I | 5,314 | 17,621 | |
II | 4,23 | 280,53 | |
III | 795,83 |
1. [2, . 26]:
2. . . . . 7.2 10-1 s =
= 275 s = 200 . .
3. :
|
|
[s H ] = [s HO ] × υ × KHL,
[s H ] , 107;
[s H ] = (0,750,9)s, , , , , , ;
υ , ; υ = 1,66 × υS 0,352 . 7.3;
KHL , 0,67 £ KHL £ 1,15:
NH = 60 × n 2 × Ln (NH £ 25 × 107 );
n 2 ;
Lh () ( ).
7.2
s, | s, | [s] | |||
I | 10-1-1 uS £ 25 / | 0,9 × u × s | |||
10-1 uS £ 12 / | 0,9 × u × s | ||||
5-5-5 uS £ 8 / | 0,9 × u × s; (0,7 × u × s) | ||||
II | 10-4-4 uS £ 5 / | 300 25 × uS; (275 25 × uS) | |||
10-3-1,5 uS £ 5 / | ² | ||||
9-4 uS £ 5 / | ² | ||||
III | 18, 15, uS £ 2 / | s u = 355 (18) s u = 315 (15) | 200 35 × uS; (175 35 × uS) |
.
1. : ; ; .
2. < 350 .
7.3
uS £, / | ³ 8 | |||||||
u | 1,33 | 1,21 | 1,11 | 1,02 | 0,95 | 0,88 | 0,83 | 0,8 |
II III . 7.1.
NH = 60 × 144 × 15000 = 12,96 × 107 ;
[s H ] = 0,9 275 = 247,5 ;
[s H ] = 247,5 0,782 0,726 = 140,514 .
4. ,
[s F ] = [s FO ] × KFL,
[s FO ] :
[s F ] = 0,25 × s + 0,08 × s ( I II );
[s F ] = 0,12 × s v ( III );
s,s,s v . 7.2;
;
NF = 60 × n 2 × Lk (105 £ NF £ 25 × 107);
NF = 60 × 144 × 15000 = 12,96 × 107 ;
[s FO ] = 0,25 × 200 + 0,08 × 275 = 72 ;
[s F ] = 72 × 0,582 = 41,9 .
5. .
2 , × ;
K b , ; K b = 1;
[s ] .
(80; 100; 125; 140; 160; 180; 200; 225; 250 . .) , 0 5.
|
|
aw = 160 .
(. 7.4).
7.4
u | 814 | 1530 | C 30 |
z 1 |
u = 20 z 1 = 2, z 2 = z 1 × = 2 × 20 = 40. z 2 ³ 28.
m = (1,51,7) × aw / z 2 = (1,51,7) × 160 / 40 = 66,8 .
m = 6,3 (. 7.5).
m = 6,3 .
q = 2 aw / m z 2 = 2 × 160 / 6,3 40 = 10,794.
(. 7.5). q = 10.
7.5
m | 2,5; 3,15; 4; 5 | 6,3; 8; 10; 12; 5 | |
q | 8; 10; 12,5; 16; 20 | 7; 10; 12,5; 14; 16; 18; 20 | 8; 10; 12,5; 16 |
:
q min = 0,212 × z 2 = 0,212 × 40 = 8,48;
10 > 8,48 .
7.6
u | z 1 | z 2 | q |
12,5 | 12,5 | ||
12,5 | |||
31,5 | 12,5 |
. 214476: 8; 9; 10; 11,2; 12,5; 14; 16; 18; 20; 22,4; 25; 28; 31,5; 35,5; 40 . .
.
0,7 £ x £ 0,7. 1 £ x £ 1.
D u u u.
u = z 2 / z 1 = 40 / 2 = 20;
D u = | u u | × 100 / u £ 4 %.
, .
d 1 = q × m = 10 × 6,3 = 63,0
d 2 = z 2 × m = 40 × 6,3 = 252 .
d 1 = d 1 + 2 × m = 63 + 2 × 6,3 = 75,6 ;
d 2 = d 2 + 2 × m × (1 + ) = 252 + 2 × 6,3 × (1 + 0,397) = 269,6 .
df 1 = d 1 2,4 × m = 63 2,4 × 6,3 = 47,88 ;
df 2 = d 2 2 × m × (1,2 x) = 252 2 × 6,3 × (1,2 0,397) = 241,882 .
d 2 = 279 .
¹ 0, :
dw 1 = (q + 2 x) × m = (10 + 2 × 0,397) × 6,3 = 68,002 .
1965074 (. 7.7).
7.7
z 1 | ||
1 2 | ||
1,0 0,5 +0,5 +1,0 | b 1 ³ (10,5 + 0,06 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (8 + 0,06 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (11 + 0,06 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (11 + 0,1 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (12 + 0,1 z 2) × m | b 1 ³ (10,5 + 0,09 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (9,5 + 0,09 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (12,5 + 0,09 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (12,5 + 0,1 z 2) × m b 1 ³ (13 + 0,1 z 2) × m |
|
|
m < 10 b 1 25 , m = (1016) 3540 , m > 16 50 , . ( . 7.6), b 1 , b 1.
z 1 = 2; = 0,397; b 1 ³ (11 + 0,1 × z 2) × m; b 1 ³ (11 + 0,1 × 40) ×
× m ³ 94,5 , . . m < 10, b 1 25 . b 1 = 120 .
b 2 £ 0,75 da 1 z 1 = 1 z 1 = 2;
b 2 £ 0,67 da 1 z 1 = 4;
b 2 £ 0,75 × 75,6;
b 2 £ 56,7.
. b 2 = 56 .
2d:
d = 5037¢9²;
2d = 10114¢18².
2d ³ 90 .
.
. , . , , i = w1 / w2 . , i = w1 / w2 .
, . . 7.2.
. 7.2.
.
uS = u 1 / cosg,
u 1 = p × n 1 × d 1 / 60 ;
g = arctg (z /(q + 2 x)) = arctg (2 / (10 + 2 0,397)) = 1029¢49²;
u 1 = p × 2880 × 0,063 / 60 = 9,5 /;
uS = 9,5 / 0,9833 = 9,668 /.
:
[s ] = 0,9 × s × Cu;
Cu = 1,66 × 9,50,352 = 0,747;
[s ] = 0,9 × 275 × 0,747 = 184,88 .
KHv
127,77 < 184,88 .
:
h = tgg / tg(g + r),
r , (. 7.8).
7.8
uS, / | 0,5 | 1,0 | 1,5 | 2,0 | 2,5 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 7,0 | ||
r | 310¢ | 230¢ | 220¢ | 200¢ | 140¢ | 130¢ | 120¢ | 100¢ | 055¢ | 050¢ |
340¢ | 310¢ | 250¢ | 230¢ | 220¢ | 200¢ | 140¢ | 130¢ | 120¢ | 110¢ |
r , , .
h = tg(1029'49") / tg(1029'49"+055') = 0,918.
.
YF , . 7.9 zu 2 = z 2 / cos3g;
KF b ; KF b = 1,0;
KFu , ; u 2 £ 3 / KFu = 1; u 2 > 3 / KFu = KHu; u 2 =
= p× d 2× n 2 / 60.
7.9
YF,
zu 2 | YF | zu 2 | YF |
1,098 | 1,55 | ||
1,88 | 1,48 | ||
1,85 | 1,45 | ||
1,80 | 1,40 | ||
1,76 | 1,34 | ||
1,71 | 1,30 | ||
1,64 | 1,27 | ||
1,61 | 1,24 |
.
.
h ;
P 1 , ;
Kt , /2 × (Kt = 912 ; Kt = 1317 );
|
|
, 2: 12 × aw 1,71, aw ;
ψ = 0,3 , ;
[ t ] = 95 C :
, : , , . .
Ktb nb (. 7.10).
7.10
nb | ||||
Ktb |
n 2 = 144 1; n 3 = 48 1; U . = 3.
T 2 = 280,53 ͷ; T 3 = 795,83 ͷ;
P 2 = 4,23 ; P 3 = 4 ;
. 7.11 z 1 = 25,
z 2 = z 1 × u = 25 × 3 = 75.
7.11
z 1
z 1 u | |||||||
12 | 23 | 34 | 45 | 56 | z min | ||
3127 | 2725 | 2523 | 2321 | 2117 | 1715 | 13(9) |
, :
k = k × k × k × k × k × k ,
k ; k = 1 [9, . 68];
k , ; k = 1 a = (3050) × t;
k , , 60; k = 1;
k , ; k = 1;
k , ; k = 1;
k , ; k = 1.
k = 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 = 1.
. 7.12 n 2 = 144 1.
7.12
[ p ] z 1 = 1530
n 1, 1 ( ) | [ p ], , t, | |||
12,715,87 | 19,0524,5 | 31,7538,1 | 44,4550,8 | |
34,3 | 34,3 | 34,3 | 34,3 | |
30,9 | 29,4 | 28,1 | 25,7 | |
28,1 | 25,7 | 23,7 | 20,6 | |
25,7 | 22,9 | 20,6 | 17,2 | |
23,7 | 20,6 | 18,1 | 14,7 | |
22,0 | 18,6 | 16,3 | ||
20,6 | 17,2 | 14,7 | ||
18,1 | 14,7 | |||
16,3 | ||||
14,7 | ||||
13,4 |
, m = 1:
1356875 (. 7.13) (. 7.14).
7.13
( 1356875),
t | , | d | D | h, | b, | Q, H | 1 q, | |
-8-460 | 8,0 | 3,0 | 2,31 | 5,0 | 7,5 | 0,20 | ||
-9,525-910 | 9,525 | 5,72 | 3,28 | 6,35 | 8,5 | 0,45 | ||
-12,7-900-1 | 12,7 | 2,4 | 3,66 | 7,75 | 10,0 | 8,7 | 0,30 | |
-12,7-900-2 | 12,7 | 3,30 | 3,66 | 7,75 | 10,0 | 0,35 | ||
-12,7-1820-1 | 12,7 | 5,40 | 4,45 | 8,51 | 11,8 | 0,65 | ||
-12,7-1820-2 | 12,7 | 7,75 | 4,45 | 8,51 | 11,8 | 0,75 | ||
-15,875-2270-1 | 15,875 | 6,48 | 5,08 | 10,16 | 14,8 | 0,8 | ||
-15,875-2270-2 | 15,876 | 9,65 | 5,08 | 10,16 | 14,8 | 1,0 | ||
-19,05-3180 | 19,05 | 12,70 | 5,96 | 11,9 | 18,2 | 1,9 | ||
-25,4-5670 | 25,40 | 15,88 | 7,95 | 15,88 | 24,2 | 2,6 | ||
-31,75-8850 | 31,75 | 19,05 | 9,55 | 19,05 | 30,2 | 3,8 | ||
-38,1-12700 | 38,1 | 25,4 | 11,1 | 22,23 | 36,2 | 5,5 | ||
-44,45-17240 | 44,45 | 25,40 | 12,70 | 25,70 | 42,4 | 7,5 | ||
-50,8-22680 | 50,8 | 31,75 | 14,29 | 28,58 | 48,3 | 9,7 | ||
-63,5-35380 | 63,5 | 38,10 | 19,84 | 39,68 | 60,4 | 16,0 |
7.14
, | |||
19,05 | 25,4 | ||
B, | 17,75 | 22,61 | |
d, | 5,96 | 7,95 | |
1 q, | 1,9 | 2,6 | |
A = B×d, 2 (. 7.15) | |||
, / | 1,143 | 1,524 | |
, : | |||
a = 40 t | |||
(. 7.16) | n < [ n ] | ||
, [ν] . 7.17 | n ≤ [n] | ||
, | |||
, , | 34,92 | 15,42 | |
t = 19,05 , . . p = = 34,92 > [ p ] = 32,02 (. 7.12). t = 25,4 | |||
Sυ = qυ 2, | 6,04 | ||
S θ = = Kf q g a, , Kf , f : f = (0,010,02) a; Kf = 6 | 155,48 |
7.15
t, | , 2 | |||
9,525 | ||||
12,7 | 39,6 | 85,3 | 125,5 | |
15,875 | 51,5 | |||
19,05 | ||||
25,4 | ||||
31,75 | ||||
38,1 | ||||
44,45 | ||||
50,8 |
7.16
[ n ]max, 1, t, | ||||||||
12,7 | 15,87 | 19,25 | 25,4 | 31,75 | 38,1 | 44,45 | 50,8 | |
7.17
[n]
[n], 1/c, t, | ||||||||
12,7 | 15,87 | 19,05 | 25,4 | 31,75 | 38,1 | 44,5 | 50,8 | |
. 7.18 [ n ] = 8,2;
7.18
[ n ]
t, | [ n ] n 1, 1 | ||||||||||
50 | |||||||||||
12,715,87 | 7,8 | 8,5 | 9,3 | 10,2 | 11,7 | 13,2 | 14,8 | 6,3 | |||
19,0525,4 | 8,2 | 9,3 | 10,3 | 11,7 | 12,9 | 16,3 | |||||
31,7538,1 | 8,5 | 10,2 | 13,2 | 14,8 | 16,3 | 19,5 | |||||
44,550,8 | 9,3 | 11,7 | 16,3 |
.
-25,4-56700 1356875.
, :
7.19
- | |||
t | 1356875 | 25,4 | |
d | 1356875 | 15,88 | |
. 7.19 | |||
- | |||
z | |||
dg | 202,71 | ||
φ | 14,4 | ||
Dc | 213,77 | ||
r | r = 0,5025 D + 0,05 | 8,03 | |
Di | Di = dg 2 r | 186,65 | |
r 1 | r 1 = 0,8 D + r | 20,75 | |
α | 5236¢ | ||
β | 1545¢36² | ||
γ | 1426¢24² | ||
fg | 1,46 | ||
OC | OC = 1,24 d | 19,6 | |
r 2 | 10,58 |
b = 24,13 1356875.
B = 15,88 1356875.
r 3 = 1,7 × d = 1,7 × 15,88 = 27 .
c
n = 0,8 × d = 12,7 .
()
r 4 t ≤ 35 r 4 = 1,5 .
b 1 = 0,93 × B 0,15 = 0,93 × 15,88 0,15 = 14,6 .