II: politics and ideas
Feminine Masculine
1. Welfare society ideal 1. Performance society ideal
2. The needy should be helped 2. The strong should be supported
3. Permissive society 3. Corrective society
4. Small and slow are beautiful 4. Big and fast are beautiful
5. Preservation of the environment should 5. Maintenance of economic growth should have
have highest priority have highest priority
6. Government spends relatively large proportion 6. Government spends relatively small
of budget on development assistance to poor proportion of budget on development
countries assistance to poor
7. Government spends relatively small 7. Government spends relatively large
proportion of budget on armaments proportion of budget on armaments
8. International conflicts should be resolved 8. International conflicts should be resolved
by negotiation and compromise by a show of strength or by fighting
9. A relatively large number of women in 9. A relatively small number of women in
elected political positions elected political positions
10. Dominant religions stress the 10. Dominant religions stress the male
complementarity of the sexes prerogative
11. Women's liberation means that men and 11. Women's liberation means that women
women should take equal shares both at home will be admitted to positions hitherto only
and at work occupied by men
Masculinity versus Femininity Index (MAS)and its importance for various countries.
Masculinity versus Femininity and Ukraine
In Hofstede et al. (2010) Masculinity versus Femininity Index (MAS)scores are presented for 76 countries. A high score (Masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organizational behavior. A low score (Feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A Feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine). Masculinity is high in Japan, in German speaking countries, and in some Latin countries like Italy and Mexico; it is moderately high in English speaking Western countries; it is low in Nordic countries and in the Netherlands and moderately low in some Latin and Asian countries like France, Spain, Portugal, Chile, Korea and Thailand. (See Addition IV).
What about Ukraine? (Students may be asked to make their own research. See Exercise 3 activity 'learning station')
By parameters defined by G. Hofstede, Ukraine is among the countries of masculine culture, scoring 25 from a maximum of 112 [http://geert-hofstede.com/ukraine.html].
Ukraines relatively low score of 25 may surprise with regard to its preference for status symbols, but these are in Ukraine related to the high Power Distance. At second glance one can see, that Ukrainians at workplace as well as when meeting a stranger rather understate their personal achievements, contributions or capacities. They talk modestly about themselves and scientists, researchers or doctors are most often expected to live on a very modest standard of living. Dominant behavior might be accepted when it comes from the boss, but is not appreciated among peers.
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Conclusion
In this unit we explored such dimensions of Hofstedes five-dimensional (5D) model of differences among national cultures as: Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) and Masculinity versus Femininity. We appreciated the role these dimensions or values play in communicating effectively with persons from other cultures. We realized the main reasons of cross-cultural conflicts and we may predict our own and other people's behavior in case of intercultural conflicts. We may appreciate attitude differences toward men and women in different cultures and develop tolerant attitude toward representatives of other cultures and organizations.
Un 6. Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) and Masculinity versus Femininity.
