: . , , , .
, , , ( ), .
, . , .
33 .. (1993), // THESIS, . 1, . 3, .4349; .. (1996), . , , , .: , .97-101.
- . , .
, 1968 34. - () . .
X. : , . , , . , , . , . .
- , . , , (, ), , () (. 2.2). :
|
|
SS , ; S'S' ; DD , ; D'D' ; * |
34 Demsetz, Harold (1968), Cost of Transacting, 81 Quarterly Journal of Economics, 33-53. |
2.2.
, , , ; ; ; (*) ( ); (*) ( ); S = Є .
2.2 , - . . ' , , . , Ei , , ( ) .
S/ = ()/ , ( - ) . X. , 40% , , , 1,3% $48.
X. , : (N), ; (); (), ; , (). , : dS/dN<0; dS/dT<0; dS/dM<0; dS/dP>0. , , ; , (. 2.3). , , , , , , .
, X. .
X , ; Si Si , Xi; S'iS'i - X i; D1D1 , Xi; D'iD'i Xi ; S2S2 , 2; S'2S'2 2; D2D2 , 2; D'2D'2 2 ; * Xi 2, , , ; Є1 Xi; Є1 Xi; X*i (.); *2 (.); (Pni*) ( Xi); (*Pnpi) ( ) 2; 2 ; ( *) ( ); (* ) ( ) 2.
|
|
X. . , , ,
. , . , .
2.3.
S
Si S
s2
, . , .
. . . . 18701970 35. . . - , . .
, , , . . .
:
35 Wallis, John J. and North, Douglass (1986), Measuring the Transaction Sector in the American Economy, 1870-1970, in Long-term factors in American Economic Growth, Stanley Engermann and Robert Gallman (eds.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 95-161.
) ;
) ;
) ;
) , .
. έ
, , , 36.
, . , . :
(
);
|
|
,
;
(
);
;
;
..
, , , , , , , , , . . .
, , . , . : 1) , 2) , 3) , (), 4) , , 5) .
36 , . -, . -, . , -, , , .
, - . , , . , .
, .
, . , . :
2.4.
, . , , , .
.
( ) , , , , , , .
|
|
.
1. : () , (), . , , , , . , , . , ..
, , . ,
, . , , .
2. : ( )
, ,
. ,
(, ,
, , ), ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, , . . , :
3. ,
:
) ;
) ;
) .
4.
.
. (
, . , , . . , , .
:
1. .
, ,
.
2. .
,
(,
), ,
.
,
, , .
, . . , , , - , , , .
, , , , , . , . , , . , .
|
|
3. () .
,
.
,
37,
,
.
, . , , . , , . , .
4. .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
, , . . ,
.
37 . .
. , . . .
:
, , : 18 . , , (60- ), .
, , , . . , :
2.3. | , | BHlf* | |||||||||
% | 22,2 | 25,3 | 29,1 | 30,4 | 31,5 | 35,1 | 38,3 | 37,1 | 40,1 | 41,3 | 40,8 |
, , , , -. 28 , 22. ?
38 Wallis, John J. and North, Douglass (1986), Measuring the Transaction Sector in the American Economy, 1870-1970, in Long-term factors in American Economic Growth, Stanley Engermann and Robert Gallman (eds.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 121.
2.4. , % 39
26,09 | 24,19 | |||
28,87 | +2,78 | 26,97 | +2,78 | |
32,72 | +3,85 | 30,82 | +3,85 | |
34,10 | +1,38 | 32,14 | +1,32 | |
35,17 | +1,07 | 33,44 | +1,3 | |
39,98 | +4,81 | 37,17 | +3,73 | |
46,35 | +6,37 | 40,81 | +3,64 | |
43,69 | -2,66 | 41,92 | +1,11 | |
51,25 | +7,56 | 44,63 | +2,71 | |
55,35 | +4,1 | 45,36 | +0,73 | |
54,71 | -0,64 | 46,66 | +1,3 |
, :
1.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
, , . , , , . . ( ) ( ). , . , .
2. .
,
,
.
, , -; -
39
Ibid., 121.
, , -, , -. , . , . . . , (. 2.5).
, , , .
2.5.
* N | t'^ | / | St |
\ | \ | \2 \ | |
\ | % | ||
/ | \ | ||
\ | \ \ D, [ |
2 ATCi
/\\
Dt'[ATC;
N2 |
N
N , ; ; I , ; DtDt ; StSt ; Dt'Dt'
, . , , , , , . , 19, ATCi*Ni ATC2*N2.
. -
40. . , , , . , , . , 4. (. .2.6).
2.6.
D |
[; I] ' [; ] |
ATCi |
Dt [; ] |
N
; N ; DtDt ; StSt ; St'St' ,
, .
3. . , . . , : , .
, , , .
40 .
41 North, Douglass . and Wallis, John J. (1994), Integration Institutional Change in Economic History.
A Transaction Cost Approach, 150 Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 609624.
1.
: .
,
. ,
.
2.
,
.
3.
. ,
. ,
,
.
4. (,
) .
, . ,
,
,
.
5. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
. ,
.
6.
,
,
.
, , , . , , , , . , , , - - . .
, , , , ,
. .
, . , . , : , .
. , , .
, , , , . , , , : .
, , , , , .
1. ()?
2. ,
?
3.
?
4.
?
5.
?
6. ?
7.
?
8. ?
9.
?
10. ,
.
11. ,
?
12. .
13. (
) ?
14. (
) ?
15. (
) ?
16. (
) ?
17. , ,
?
1. , , . .
2. , ,
.
3. ,
- -
. .
4.
.
.
. (1994), : // THESIS, . 5, .91-104.
.. (1996), . , , , .: , .97-101.
. (1994), . , , .: .
.. (1993), // THESIS, . 1, . 3, .39-49.
Commons, John R. (1931), Institutional Economics, 21 American Economic Review, 648-657.
Demsetz, Harold (1968), Cost of Transacting, 81 Quarterly Journal of Economics, 33-53.
Wallis, John J. and North, Douglass (1986), Measuring the Transaction Sector in the American Economy, 1870-1970, in Long-term factors in American Economic Growth, Stanley Engermann and Robert Gallman (eds.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 95-161.