| 1. aligning 2.backfilling 3. bending 4. beveling 5. brush-type scraper 6. buried pipeline 7. cleaning 8. cleaning up 9. clearing the right- of-way 10.congested area 11. coating 12. deal with 13. desolate country 14.ditching= trenching 15. estuary 16. external (internal) corrosion 17.fluctuation 18. grading the right-of-way 19. grease | 1. 2. 3. 4. , () 5. 6. () 7. 8. , 9. () 10. 11. , 12. . 13. 14. ( ) 15. ; 16. () 17. 18. , 19. | 20. hauling 21.hydrostatic testing 22. laying 23. leak 24. lining-up 25. lowering-in 26. negligible 27. phenol-(formaldehyde) resin 28. pressure testing 29. priming 30.radiogra phic inspection 31. rust 32. scale 33. side-boom tractor 34. sound weld 35. spread 36. steel mill 37. stress 38. stringing (the pipe) 39. submarine 40. trenching 41. vulnerable point 42. welded joint 43. wrapping | 20. () 21. () 22. (); 23. 24. - 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. () 30. ( ) 31. 32. . 33. (-) 34. () 35. - ( ) 36. () 37. 38. 39. 40. (, ) 41. 42. 43. () |
II. Find in the dictionary and learn the pronunciation of the following words.
| ü submarine ü estuary ü insulating ü consistently ü efficiency | ü gauge ü hydrostatic ü grease ü capacity | ü inhibitor ü depot ü schedule ü ancillary ü coincide |
III. Find the proper Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.
1) steel mills 16) to be dug by an excavating machine
2) priming 17) to couple together
3) ditching 18) hauling and "stringing" the pipe
4) aligning 19) welded joints
5) trucks 20) to be governed by
6) beveling 21) backfilling and cleaning up
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7) to test for leaks 22) refined products lines
8) bending 23) to attach a record pressure gauge
9) hydrostatic testing 24) coating and wrapping
10) inspecting welds 25) lining-up and welding
11) a pressure drop 26) to prevent corrosion
12) phenol-resin 27) clearing and grading the right-of-way
13) lowering in 28) a protection against something
14) to reduce capacity 29) a side-boom tractor
15) consistently sound welds.
IV. Read and translate the text.
CONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINES
Construction of pipelines is a spectacular job comparable with the building of railways in the past. Laying of pipes is generally carried out by a number of self-contained groups or spreads each working on a separate section of the pipeline. The size of a spread is governed by the diameter of the pipe and the type of country being traversed.
The construction phases consist of: clearing and grading the right-of-way, hauling and "stringing" the pipe, ditching, bending, lining-up and welding, inspecting welds, cleaning, priming, coating and wrapping, lowering in, backfilling and cleaning up, pressure testing. Extra phases of construction are applied whenever roads, railways or rivers have to be crossed.
Pipelines are sometimes laid on the surface in desolate country; practically all modern pipelines are buried. Buried lines offer physical protection from interference, especially in congested areas.
Submarine pipelines in estuaries, wide rivers and even in the sea are being laid increasingly, and in water as deep as 300 ft. Submarine pipelines are generally three to five times as expensive as pipelines on land.
A great deal of specialized equipment and machinery has been developed for use in pipeline construction. There are special vehicles for transporting and stringing; side-boom tractors for lifting and handling; machines for bending, cutting, beveling, cleaning, aligning, welding, coating and wrapping; machines for trenching and backfilling and special barges for laying submarine pipelines.
In order to build a pipeline tubes manufactured at steel mills have to be transported carefully to the right-of-way by trucks or any other means of transportation. Having been delivered pipes are to be cleaned, welded or coupled and covered with insulating material.
Practically all lines laid nowadays have welded joints. Mostly the electric welding process is used. Automatic welding is cheaper but has failed to give consistently sound welds. Radiographic inspection of welds is normal practice.
Then the pipe line is carefully laid on the smooth and graded bottom of a trench dug by a special excavating machine. After the pipe is completed it must be tested for leaks. This is accomplished by closing up the line, attaching a record pressure gauge and pumping air into it with a compressor to a higher pressure than that normally carried. The air usually remains in the pipeline for ten or twelve hours. A drop in pressure is the evidence of a leek to be repaired. The most advanced testing method widely used now is hydrostatic testing. It is usually applied in testing long distance, large diameter pipes.
Special attention is paid to the protection of pipelines against corrosion. The type of protection depends on local conditions. The most common way is to put a protective coating on the metal such as cement coatings, metallic coatings, paints, greases, wraps, phenol-resin and plastic coatings.
Corrosion may also occur internally. Rust and scale, which build up inside refined products lines, reduce their capacity and are dealt with by chemical inhibitors and by cleaning the line with brush type scrapers.
