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, , . (JT.C. , A.B. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. - , .. -, .. , .. ) (S. Azar, D. Crystal, . Lewis) . , , (.. , .. , .. -), , - .

, , , , " " : Present, Past and Future Simple Active; Present and Past Perfect Active; Present Progressive Active; Present, Past Simple Passive; Present, Past Perfect Passive.

. " , " [118, 332].

. , . - , , , . , . .. : , , , [118, 322].

, . . , , " " , . . " " . .

For this is the dawn of the Powershift Era. We live at a moment when the entire structure of power that held the world together is now disintegrating. A radically different structure of power is taking form. And this is happening at every level of human society [222, 3].

, . , . , Past Simple.

The retreat of Western colonialism, in turn, began slowly in the 1920s and 1930s and accelerated dramatically in the aftermath of World War II. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought independence to additional Muslim societies. According to one count, some ninety-two acquisitions of Muslim territory by non-Muslim governments occurred between 1757 and 1919 [219, 210].

, , . (.. , .. ), (., ., ..), , , , , (.. ).

" ", - JI.C. [11, 116]. , , - [11, 117].

Present Perfect .

The most important economic development of our lifetime has been the rise of a new system for creating wealth, based no longer on muscle but on mind [222, 9].

Present Perfect, Present Perfect Progressive.

The collapse of the Soviet Union over Eastern Europe, far from assuring democracy, has opened a combustive vacuum into which fools and firebrands seem ready to rush. Western Europe's drive toward integration has been thrown into confusion [222,237].

The Soviet Union as well has been undergoing a comparable social transformation, though at a slower pace than the countries of Asia. It too has changed from an agricultural to an urban society, with increasing levels of mass and specialized education [217, 111].

Perfect / Non-Perfect , , . [11, 128].

Past Perfect .

In the Soviet Union, the Russian Parliament under Boris Yeltsin functioned as if it were a legislative body of long standing, while an increasingly broad and vigorous civil society began to spring up spontaneously in 1990 - 1991. The degree to which democratic ideas had taken root

among the broader population was made evident in the widespread resistance to the hardline coup that was attempted in August 1991 [217, 221].

So massive a disillusionment with the Soviet Union's underlying belief structure could not have occurred overnight, suggesting that totalitarianism as a system had failed well before the 1980s [217, 31].

, , , , " " . " . - : "" , " [118, 334]. Past Simple Present Simple , .

At the end of the twentieth century, Hitler and Stalin appear to be bypaths of history that led to dead ends, rather than real alternatives for human social organization. While their human costs were incalculable, these totalitarianisms in their purest form burned themselves out within a lifetime - Hitlerism in 1945, and Stalinism by 1956 [217, 127].

.. , , ,

, , , " [118, 334]. Future Simple. " , , , , , , . , , . , - shall () will (), , , " [118, 332]. , , , .

Countries like Iraq and Libya will continue to invade their neighbors and fight bloody battles. In the historical world, the nation-state will continue to be the chief locus of political identification [217, 277].

Future Simple Present Progressive, Future Simple.

, (.. , A.A. ), - (A.B. - , A.M. , .. ), (.. ), - (.. , .. , B.C. - ). .. ", , , ; , , , " [118, 257].

- (P.O. ), , " " (.. ). (.. ). II.

Mass democracies are designed to respond mainly to mass input - mass movements, mass political parties, mass media [222, 245]. , , , " ".

Wars of territorial conquest for the sake of an everexpanding dominion were seen as a normal human aspiration, even their destructive impact might be decided by certain moralists and writers [217, 259].

. , by, , [118, 271]. , .

Growing Muslim anti-Westernism has been paralleled by expanding Western concern with the "Islamic threat" posed particularly by Muslim extremism. Islam is seen as a source of nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and, in Europe, unwanted migrants. These concerns are shared by both publics and leaders [219,215].





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