3‑ VIA‑ , 16, . [10Ne]3s23p4, 0, ‑II, +IV +VI, SVI .
:
2,60, . , , .
( ). () . .
S. . (α‑ β‑, 
95,5 C) (). S8 ( ), Sn. , 200 C ( S8, Sn). S8, S6, S4, S2. 1500 C ( S).
, CS2.
, , . :
, ( ):
:
3S0 + 6 (.) = 2K2S‑II + K2SIVO3 + 3H2O
(400 C) :
S + 2I() = I2 + H2S,
:
I2 + H2S(p) = 2 HI + S↓
: ( ), .
, , () , , , .
H2S. . , . [::S(H)2]
(sp3‑, S ). 400 C. (2,6 /1 2O 20 C), (0,1, ). , S2‑ ( S2‑ 1 10‑13 /). ( ). , . . . , .
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, H2S ( ). , .
, . . :
: :
2 + S = H2S (150200 C)
;
FeS + 2Cl (.) = FeCl2 + H2S↑
:
Al2S3 + 62O = 2Al()3↓ + 3 H2S↑
Na2S. . , . , . , , . ( ) ( ). . . .
S2‑ , MnS, FeS, ZnS Cl (.).
, , .
:
Na2S + 2Cl (.) = 2NaCl + H2S↑
Na2S + 3H2SO4 (.) = SO2↑ + S↓ + 2H2O + 2NaHSO4 ( 50 C)
Na2S + 4HNO3 (.) = 2NO↑ + S↓ + 2H2O + 2NaNO3 (60 C)
Na2S + H2S (.) = 2NaHS
Na2S() + 2O2 = Na2SO4 ( 400 C)
Na2S + 4H2O2 (.) = Na2SO4 + 4H2O
S2‑ + M2+ = MnS (.)↓; FeS (.)↓; ZnS (.)↓
S2‑ + 2Ag+ = Ag2S (.)↓
S2‑ + M2+ = dS (.)↓; PbS, CuS, HgS ()↓
3S2‑ + 2Bi3+ = Bi2S3 (. .)↓
3S2‑ + 6H2O + 2M3+ = 3H2S↑ + 2M(OH)3↓ (M = Al, Cr)
Na2SO4 102O :
Na2SO4 + 42 = Na2S + 42O (500 C, . Fe2O3)
Na2SO4 + 4 () = Na2S + 4 (8001000 C)
Na2SO4 + 4 = Na2S + 4O2 (600700 C)
Al2S3. . , Al S . N2, . . , . . . :
Al2S3 + 62O = 2Al()3↓ + 3H2S↑ ()
Al2S3 + 6Cl (.) = 2AlCl3 + 3H2S↑
Al2S3 + 24HNO3 (.) = Al2(SO4)3 + 24NO2↑ + 12H2O (100 C)
2Al2S3 + 9O2 () = 2Al2O3 + 6SO2 (700800 C)
: :
2Al + 3S = AL2S3 (150200 C)
(II) FeS. . ‑ , , . . . (II) . . , .
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(III) Fe2S3 ( ).
:
:
Fe + S = FeS (600 C)
Fe2O3 + H2 + 2H2S = 9 FeS + 3H2O (700‑1000 C)
FeCl2 + 2NH4HS (.) = FeS ↓ + 2NH4Cl + H2S↑
FeS2. . Fe2+ (S S)2‑. ‑, , . , , . ‑, . , , . .
:
FeS2 = FeS + S ( 1170 C, )
2FeS2 + 14H2SO4 (., .) = Fe2(SO4)3 + 15SO2↑ + 142O
FeS2 + 18HNO3 (.) = Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2↑ + 7H2O
4FeS2 + 11O2 () = 8SO2 + 2Fe2O3 (800 C, )
NH4HS. . , . , . . , (), . . , . , (NH4)2S ( . H2S). , ( ).
:
NH4HS = NH3 + H2S ( 20 C)
NH4HS + Cl (.) = NH4Cl + H2S↑
NH4HS + 3HNO3 (.) = S↓ + 2NO2↑ + NH4NO3 + 2H2O
2NH4HS (. H2S) + 2CuSO4 = (NH4)2SO4 + H2SO4 + 2CuS↓
: NH3 :
NH3 2O (.) + H2S() = NH4HS + 2O
, NH4HS NH3 2O, (NH4)2S , NH4HS NH3 2O.
.
SO2. . . [: S(O)2] (s2‑), σ,π‑ S=O. , . (~40 /1 2O 20 C). , , HSO3‑ SO32‑. HSO3‑ () [S(H)(O)3] (s3‑), , () [: S(O)2(OH)] (s3‑). SO32‑ [: S(O)3].
, . , .
‑ . .
, , , , , . .
H2SO3 ( ) ( ).
:
:
: , , , , (SO2 ):
S + O2 = SO2 (280360 C)
4FeS2 + 11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8 SO2 (800 C, )
:
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BaSO3() + H2SO4 (.) = BaSO4↓ + SO2↑ + 2O
Na2SO3. . . , . . , . . .
SO32‑ , (Cl, HNO3).
, , .
:
:
Na2CO3 (.) + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2↑
.
H2SO4. . , (), . ‑ [S(O)2(OH)2] (s3‑), σ‑ S σπ‑ S=O. SO42‑ ‑ [S(O)4]. (~300 ). 296 C . ( 98,3 %, 296340 C), . ( ‑). , . ( ), Be, Bi, , Fe, Mg Nb . , . ( I), ( SVI). SO3 ( , H2S2O7).
SO42‑ BaSO4 ( , BaSO3).
, , , , , ( ) , , , . , . :
:
) SO2 , , :
S + O2 () = SO2 (280360 C)
4FeS2 + 11O2 () = 8 SO2 + 2Fe2O3 (800 C, )
2H2S + 3O2 (.) = 2 SO2 + 22O (250300 C)
CaSO4 + () = + SO2 + (13001500 C)
) SO2 SO3 :
) :
2O (. H2SO4) + SO3 = H2SO4 (., .)
( SO3 H2SO4 ‑ H2SO4, . );
) H2SO4, H2S2O7 SO3. SO3 ( H2SO4), .
Na2SO4. . , . . ( ), ; . , . H2SO4 (.), SO3. , . .
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, , . , ‑‑ .
:
KHSO4. . , , . . , , . .
, .
:
2KHSO4 = K2SO4 + H2SO4 ( 240 C)
2KHSO4 = K2S2O7 + 2O (320340 C)
KHSO4 (.) + (.) = K2SO4 + 2O KHSO4 + Cl = K2SO4 + Cl (450700 C)
6KHSO4 + 2O3 = 2KM(SO4)2 + 2K2SO4 + 3H2O (350500 C, M = Al, Cr)
: ( 6O%‑) :
K2SO4 + H2SO4 (.) = 2 KHSO4
CaSO4. . , , , . CaSO4 CaSO4 22O. 130 C () 2CaSO4 2O ( ). (200 C) CaSO4. (0,206 /100 2O 20 C), . H2SO4 (.). . ( . 9.2).
: 100128 C
SO2, H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4, , . , ()2. , . , ‑ , , .
‑ KAl(SO4)2. . , . . . , . , .
, , , , . .
:
(III) KCr(SO4)2. . ( ‑, ). . (‑ [Cr(2O)6]3+), (III). , . . .
Cr3+ Cr2+ CrO42‑.
, , . (III) . :
(II) MnSO4. . , . MnSO4 52O ‑, . , ‑ ( ) [Mn(2O)6]2+; . , . , () .
Mn2+ MnO4 , Mn2+ MnO4 .
Mn, MnO2 , .
:
:
2MnO2 + 2H2SO4 (.) = 2 MnSO4 + O2↑ + 2H2O (100 C)
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(II) FeSO4. . ( ‑, ), . . , . ( ). ‑, , . .
, , , , . Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 62O ( ), .
:
:
Fe + H2SO4 (.) = FeSO4 + H2↑
FeCO3 + H2SO4 (.) = FeSO4 + CO2↑ + H2O
7.4. VA‑
.
2‑ VA‑ , 7. [2He]2s22p3, 0, ‑III, +III +V, +II, +IV .; Nv .
:
(3,07), F . () . , , NH4+ .
( ). .
N2. . σππ‑ N ≡ N, . , ( O2).
: 78,09 % , 75,52 % . O2. (15,4 /1 2O 20 C), , .
N2 ( ), Li3N, :
N2 + 3Mg = Mg3N2 (800 C)
N2 :
500 C, 350 (Fe/F2O3/FeO, Pt):
‑ . , 450500 C, 15 %‑ . N2 2 .
, .
, 2 () + O2 = 2 . , ( ).
:
N‑IIIH4NIIIO2() = N20 + 2H2O (6070 C)
NH4Cl(p) + KNO2(p) = N20↑ + KCl + 2H2O (100 C)
, , .
NH3. , III. . [: N(H)3)] (s3‑). NH3 s3‑ , NH4+. . . . ( 700 /1 2O 20 C); = 34 % = 99 % , = 11,8.
, . Cr , . ( N‑III) ( I) . .
Cl, , Hg2(NO3)2.
HNO3 . , , , ; . .
:
: (NaOH + ):
.
(.) . , .
NH3 2O. . , NH3 2O, H3N . , ( NH4‑ ‑). ‑ (sp3‑). , . . ( NIII) . .
Cl.
, .
1 NH3 2O 0,4 % NH4+ ‑ ( ); , NH4OH , . :
NH3 2O (.) = NH3↑ + 2O ( NaOH)
NH3 2O + Cl (.) = NH4Cl + 2O
3(NH3 2O) (.) + CrCl3 = Cr(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl
8(NH3 2O) (.) + Br2() = N2↑ + 6NH4Br + 82O (4050 C)
2(NH3 2O) (.) + 2MnO4 = N2↑ + 2MnO2↓ + 42O + 2
4(NH3 2O) (.) + Ag2O = 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O
4(NH3 2O) (.) + Cu(OH)2 + [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 + 42O
6(NH3 2O) (.) + NiCl2 = [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 + 62O
(310 %‑) ( ), (18,525 %‑) ( ).
