̳ ,
́ ́ (. Raven paradox), (. Hempels paradox) ́ , 1940- , , .
. , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , .
. , , , .
, .
, :
, , , .
(Hamming) . г ˳ (Richard Lippman) 80- . , , . ³ , . , . , . .
, ͳ,
A* ( , . A star) , , () (, ).
1968 , . , 1959 . ( ) . A. , A*.
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A* , , . , , . ( ) , , , ( g(x) , , ). , ; , f(x), . () ( ), . f(x) = g(x) + h(x). , f(x) , ( ). .
h(x), ( ).
MatLab
function A*(start,goal)
%
var closed:= the empty set
%
var q:= make_queue(path(start))
while q is not empty
var p:= remove_first(q)
var x:= the last node of p
if x in closed
continue
if x = goal
return p
add x to closed
%
foreach y in successors(x)
enqueue(q, p, y)
return failure