, , , , , : - , (R. H. Munroe & Munroe, 1975/1994); , , (Hoyenga & Hoyenga, 1993; Population Crisis Committee, 1988; Whyte, 1978). ' (D'Andrade, 1966) , , 244 , , , , , , , . ])! , (Brown, 1970; Segal, 1983), , 10 % 80 (Katz & Konner, 1981).
, . (Huber, 1986), . (Dixon, 1978).
56 . 1960 1980 , (Jacobs & Lim, 1992) , . , , . , , , , -, (Ottaway & Bhatnagar, 1988). , , , , (Loscocco & Kalleberg, 1988; Mullet, Neto & Henry, 1992).
, , (Population Crisis Committee, 1988). , , , , , , , (Calasanti & Bailey, 1991; Charles & Hopfinger, 1992; Lupri, 1983; Vianello et al., 1990; Wright, Shire, Hwang, Dolan & Baxter, 1992). , . , (Vianello et al., 1990).
, , . (, , ) . (N. J. Davis & Robinson, 1991) , , , , , , -.