1. What types of pavements are used?
2. What is the difference between bituminous pavement and flexible pavement?
3. What are advantages and disadvantages of concrete pavement?
4. What are bituminous pavements made with?
5. How do weather and seasonal changes influence pavements?
6. How does bituminous material work?
7. How can asphalt be used?
8. How can asphalt be applied?
9. How is asphalt made?
10. How are rigid pavements made?
11. How is concrete laid?
12. What is monorail concrete?
13. When the concrete become prone to cracking?
14. Where can cracks occur?
15. What helps hold the slabs together?
16. How does the steel help?
Grammar revision
Unit 1
Reported speech
Ex.1. Fill in: say, tell or ask in the correct form.
1. Tony said he enjoyed the performance.
2. I cant __for sure, but I think shes divorced.
3. Never __me a lie again.
4. The teacher __she was happy with our results.
5. She __me for a loan of $50.
6. Dont __the secret to anybody else.
7. My neighbour always __hello whenever he sees me.
8. Please __me if I look okay in this dress.
9. She __ the doctor how long she would have to stay in hospital.
10. He __he had never seen such a ridiculous film before.
11. Of course Ill help you, she __to me.
12. Can you __me the way to the nearest bank?
13. Dont __ I didnt __you they were coming.
14. Mum promised to __us a story before we go to bed.
15. I wish shed stop __ favours.
16. She stopped to __a passer-by the time.
17. The twins look alike. I cant __one from another.
18. She __me to meet her at the cinema at 8 oclock.
19. I remember her __ something, I just cant remember exactly what.
20. And now I would like to __a few words about this years competition.
21. To __you the truth, this is the first time Ive tasted blackberries.
22. She did __me her name but I cant remember it now.
23. I dont feel like arguing so well__ no more about the subject.
Ex.2. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
1. Will you take the dog out for a walk? he asked me He asked me if/whether I would take the dog out for a walk.
2. How much money have you got? he asked me.
3. Did you really write this poem? she asked Tim.
4. How did the operation go? they asked the doctor.
5. Will you be going on holiday next Easter? he asked her.
6. Is that your daughter walking along the pier, Mary? Joan asked.
7. Why is he acting this way? she asked me.
8. Can you let Joan know Ill be late? she asked me.
9. Which of these dresses suits me best? she asked Lynn.
10. Does this bicycle belong to anyone? he asked.
11. Who used my toothbrush? he asked.
12. Do you want to join us at 6.00? he asked me.
13. Why didnt you tell me about the party? he asked me.
14. Have you been to York before? she asked Sue.
Ex.3. Turn the following sentences into indirect questions. Omit question marks where necessary.
1. Where are you going? (I want to know) / I want to know where you are going.
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2. Did he steal the money? (I doubted)
3. Has she told anyone about our engagement? (He wondered)
4.What time does the train leave? (Could you tell me)
5. Who did it? (She wondered)
6.Where have you been? (He wanted to know)
7.Does he speak French fluently? (I wonder)
8.Will she be on time? (I doubt)
9.How long has he been working here? (Do you know)
10. Are they moving house? (I want to know)
Ex.4. Turn the following sentences from Direct into Reported Speech.
1. Put out your cigarettes please! he said to us. He asked us to put out our cigarettes.
2. Wipe your feet on the mat! mother said.
3. Please forgive me! she said.
4. Could you babysit for me tonight? he said to me.
5. You shouldnt eat so much meat, she said to me.
6. Be here on time in future, Toms boss said.
7. Could you pass me the salt? Barry said to her.
8. Lets buy some new curtains! Sally said.
9. Youd better go to bed early, Henry said.
10. Dont be horrible to your little sister! his father said.
Ex. 5.Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
1. She said, You neednt pay until Christmas. She said (that) I wouldnt have to pay until Christmas.
2. She said, When shall we let them know.
3. She said, Shall I carry your suitcase?.
4. She said, I cant play chess very well.
5. She said, We must finish the work today.
6. She said, You neednt wear formal clothes.
7. She said, You should take more exercise.
8. She said, Shall I get you an aspirin?
9. She said, Tony must have missed his bus.
10. She said, Well go to the zoo tomorrow.
11. She said, I may take up skiing.
12. She said, What shall I buy him for his birthday?
13. She said, They wont arrive on time.
14. She said, They neednt be at the meeting next week.
Ex.5. First write an appropriate introductory verb, then report the following sentences.
1. Ill be home early. He promised to be home early.
2. Press the button first.
3. I didnt copy Johns work.
4. He never tells the truth.
5. Im so good at maths.
6. Shes so beautiful!
7. Peter is unable to attend the meeting tomorrow.
8. No, I wont tell you what happened.
9. I think you should go home.
10. Thats how you fix it.
11. You really ought to go home.
12. This is how I began my career.
13. Yes, I told them everything.
14. Im sorry I shouted.
15. You lied to me.
16. Id like you to carry the bag.
17. Dont forget to ask Janet.
18. Dont touch this wire.
19. You may go now.
20. Come on, try it again!
21. She really must attend more frequently.
22. Would you like to go to the theatre?
23. You mustnt talk during the exam.
24. Go ahead, enter the race!
25. Run immediately!
26. Please, please tell me the truth!
27. James never told me he was working undercover.
28. You can take my car.
29. I wont do it again.
30. Give me the money or Ill shoot you.
31. Would you like me to help?
32. Give me everything.
33. Im sorry I was late.
34. Yes, he is very handsome.
35. I know that musician well.
36. Please, explain once more.
37. You are never on time.
Ex.6. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech using special introductory verbs.
1. Dont go near the bull. She warned me not to go near the bull.
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2. What a brilliant idea!
3. Ill definitely take you to the park tomorrow.
4. Lets have the wedding in the spring.
5. Please, please dont tell my father what happened.
6. You are always late.
7. Im sorry I wasnt there when you needed me.
8. You switched the reports, didnt you?
9. No, I wont lend you the money.
10. You cant go to the party tonight.
11. Shall I hang out the washing?
12. Dont forget to send Mum a birthday card.
13. This is how you switch on the machine.
14. Im the best tennis player in the club.
15. Go ahead, propose to her.
Ex.7. Put the following statements into Reported Speech.
1. Im going out now, but Ill be in by nine, he said. (Omit now.) He was said going out but hed be in by nine.
2. Im working in a restaurant, and dont much care for it, she said.
3. I cant live on my basic salary, said Peter. Ill have to offer to do overtime.
4. My young brother wants to be a tax inspector, said Mary. I cant think why. None of my family has ever been a tax inspector.
5. Were waiting for the school bus, said the children. Its late again.
6. Ive made a terrible mistake! said Peter.
7. Youre always making terrible mistakes, I said. You should be used to it by now.
8. We make $450 a week, said one of the men, and send most of it home to our wives,
9. Its lonely being away from our families, said another, but we earn three times as much in this factory as we would in our own country.
10. Weve been here for two and a half years. said the man who had spoken first, and were going to stay another six months.
11. Ive got a job on an oil-rig, said Paul. Thatll be very hard work, I said.
12. I know itll be hard, he replied, but 1 dont mind hard work, and itll be a good experience.
13. The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on, said Tom.
14. Ill look for my skates when I get home, Ann said.
15. Im living with my parents at present, she said, but I hope to have a flat of my own soon.
16. Im leaving tomorrow, she said, by the 4.30 from Victoria.
17. Well come and see you off, we said.
18. Ive just bought a car, said Peter, but its not insured yet so I cant take you for a drive.
19..Id like to speak to Susan, said Mary, but Im bathing the babies
and they will drown if I leave them alone in the bath while I go to the phone.
20. Mary has just received a postcard from Ann, beginning, Im coming up to London next week. I hope you and Jack will meet me for lunch one day. (Imagine that Mary is reading this card to Jack. Begin: Ann says)
21. Nothing ever happens in the village, she said. Its like a dead
village. All the young people have drifted away to the towns.
22. Ive missed my train, said Bill. Now Ill be late for work and my boss will be furious.
23. Well wait for you if youre late. they said.
24. They are supposed to be landing at London airport, I said. But if the fog gets any thicker the plane may be diverted.
25. If you lend me the chainsaw, said Mary, Ill bring it back the day after tomorrow.
26. I hate getting up on dark mornings, grumbled Peter.
27. It is horrible, agreed his wife, but the mornings will be lighter
soon and then it wont be quite so bad.
28. The sales are starting tomorrow. said the typist. As soon as we
finish work the whole typing pool is going to make a dash for the shops.
29. I hope youll all get what you want, I said.
30. I wish I had something to eat, said Peter.
31. Youve only just had lunch, said his sister. I dont know how you
can be hungry again so soon.
32. If youre short of money I can lend you f50, said my aunt, and you can take your time about paying it back.
33. I usually take my dog out for a walk when I come home from work, he said.
34. I have a message for your brother, I said.
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35. He isnt at home, said Ann. He left two days ago.
36. I bought this bag in Milan. I said.
37. You shouldnt have bought that colour, said Peter. It doesnt go
with your coat.
38. I must hurry. My father is always furious if any of us are late for
meals, she said.
39. If you want to smoke youll have to go upstairs, said the bus conductor.
Ex.8. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. If children can learn a complicated language like Japanese by the time they are five, said the Japanese professor, they should be able to learn the language or music. At the moment Im teaching a class of forty three-year-olds to play the violin, he added.
He said that the children could learn a complicated language like Japanese by the time they were five, they should be able to learn the language or music. At the moment he was teaching a class of forty three-year-olds to play the violin.
2. The puppy can sleep on our bed, said Tom.
Id rather he slept in a basket, said his wife. That puppy will soon be a very big dog and then there wont be room for all three of us.
3. Ill try by myself first. said Ann, and if I find that I cant manage Ill ask Tom to help me.
4. Lets camp by this stream, said Mary. If we go on, it may be dark before we find another good place.
5. I wish wed brought our guitars, said the students. Then we could have offered to play in the restaurant and perhaps theyd have given us a tree meal.
6. I booked a double room on the first floor, said Mr Jones. Im afraid we didnt get your letter, said the receptionist, and all the first and second floor rooms have been taken. But we could give you two single rooms on the third floor. That wouldnt do me at all. said Mr Jones.
7. Ive had gypsies on my land for two years, said the farmer, and theyve given nobody any trouble; but now the Council have asked me to tell them to move on. I dont see why they should be asked to move and Im writing to my MP about it.
8. This letter is full of mistakes! snorted Mr Jones. I did it in rather a hurry, admitted the typist. I suppose Id better type it again.
9.If youd like to go on any of these tours, said the receptionist, the hotel will arrange it. Wed like to go on them all, said the American couple.
10. Well try to find your passport, said the policeman, but itll be very difficult because a lot of suspicious characters sleep on the beach in summer and any one of them might have robbed you.
11. Lets go to the races! said Ann. We might make our fortunes. Ive been given a very good tip for the 2.30. Ive had good tips from you before, said Paul. And they were disastrous.
12. I dont know why you waste so much time polishing the car. Said Mr Jones. The neighbours all polish their cars, said Mrs Jones, and I dont want our Mini to look like a poor relation. If you were any good youd help me instead of standing there criticizing, she added.
13. Im sorry for not having a tie on, said Peter. I didnt know it was going to be a formal party.
14. Id have enjoyed the journey more if the man next to me hadnt snored all the time, said Paul.
Ex.9. Put the following questions into indirect speech.
1. Who has been using my typewriter? said my mother.
2. Do you want to see the cathedral? said the guide.
3. Do you mind working on the night shifts? he asked.
4. Would you like to come with us? they said.
5. Who did you give the money to? asked Ann.
6. How long does it take to get to Edinburgh by coach? asked the tourist.
7. How much do you think it will cost? he said.
8. What did you miss most when you were in prison? Mary asked the ex-convict.
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9. Another passenger came in and said, Is this seat taken?
10. How do you get on with your mother-in-law? said Paul.
11. How did you get into the house? they asked him.
12. What were you doing with these skeleton keys? said Mr. Jones. Were you trying to get at the secret files?
13. Did you sleep well? asked my hostess.
14. Have you been here long? the other students asked him.
15. Can you tell me why Paul left the university without taking his degree? Pauls sister asked.
16. How many people know the combination of the safe? said the detective.
17. Are there any letters for me? said Mary.
18. How long have you been learning English? the examiner said.
19. Why arent you taking the exams? said Paul.
20. Are these free-range eggs? said the customer.
21. Where are you going for your summer holidays? I asked them.
22. Will it be all right if I come in a little later tonight? asked the au pair girl.
23. Have you ever seen a flying saucer? said the man.
24. Where can I park my caravan? she asked the policeman.
25. Would you like a lift? said Ann. Which way are you going? I said.
26. Who do you want to speak to? said the telephonist.
27. Does anyone want tickets for the boxing match? said Charles.
28. What are you going to do with your old car? I asked him.
29. Do you grow your own vegetables? I asked.
30. What train are you going to get? my friend inquired.
31. Could you change a five-pound note? Im afraid I havent got anything smaller, said the passenger to the conductor.
32. How many sleeping pills have you taken? said the night sister.
I have no idea, said Mr. Jones sleepily.
33. Could we speak to the manager, please? said the two men.
Have you an appointment? said the secretary.
34. Do you think you could live entirely on your own for six months, said Tom, or would you get bored?
35. Did any of you actually see the accident happen? said the
policeman.
36. Could I see Commander Smith? the lady asked.
Im afraid hes in orbit, I said. Would you like to leave a message?
Ex.10.Turn the following conversations into Reported Speech using special introductory verbs.
A. "Carter, when are you taking your holidays this year?" said the manager.
"Actually, I've already been on holiday, sir. Don't you remember? I went on safari in Kenya," said Carter.
"Oh yes, of course. You went in March, didn't you?"
"Thats correct, sir," said Carter.
"Did you enjoy it?" the manager asked.
"Well, I didn't manage to see many animals. It was very disappointing," Carter replied.
"Have you got any plans to go back there?" the manager said.
"Well, yes, actually I've already booked tickets for next year. I'm going in February. I think it will be a better time for seeing the animals," said Carter.
"So, we'll be looking for a new accountant then, if you come face to face with a lion," said the manager.
The manager asked Carter when he was taking his holidays that year...
B. "Let's spend the weekend in Scotland," said Andrea. "We can find a cheap bed and breakfast in the Highlands."
"And just what are we going to do all weekend with nothing but sheep for company!" Cathy said. "I'll teach you to ski," said Andrea.
Andrea suggested spending
C. "James, have you written to the University of Madrid yet?" Mr Mills said. "No, I'm sorry," said James. "I haven't had time."
"There's no point in apologising to me, James," said Mr Mills. "You see, you must apply early
because they fill their places very quickly."
"The thing is that I'm afraid I won't pass my Spanish exam," said James. "Well, have you been working hard?" said Mr Mills.
"Yes, I have," said James, "but I'm much better at French, and I had hoped to apply to Paris." "Yes, it's true you are better at French," said Mr Mills. "If I put your name down for the
Sorbonne, will you write tonight?"
"Yes sir, I'll write as soon as I get home," James promised.
Mr Mills asked James if he
Ex.11. Rewrite the following as a conversation. Mind the punctuation.
A. Stephen denied having got them lost and refused to take responsibility for their situation. Catherine accused him of not knowing how to read a map, and threatened to leave him if he didn't get them out of the mess. Stephen complained that she always made him do all the work. Catherine apologised for not helping but begged him to do something, adding that she didn't want to spend the night in the open. Stephen promised that they would find somewhere to stay, and urged her to keep calm. He eventually asked her to help him with the map reading. She laughed and suggested that perhaps he should try holding the map the right way up.
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Its not my fault we got lost, Stephen said
B. The diver boasted about having found a shipwreck full of treasure on the ocean floor. His friend accused him of lying as that part of the sea had been explored thoroughly, yet the diver still insisted, claiming that only he had searched that particular area. Then his friend went on to tell him that if that was the case, he should notify the authorities as soon as possible in order to lay claim to the treasure. She warned him that if he failed to do this someone else might claim the treasure for themselves. It was at this stage that the diver admitted that the wreck wasn't that old and that the treasure consisted of Monopoly money!
I have found
Ex.12. Turn the following dialogue into Reported Speech.
Joan: Mmm, Im really going to enjoy this sandwich. Im so hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. Are you sure you don't want anything?
Geoffrey: Yes. Ive eaten too much already today. I cant eat another thing.
Joan: Why not just have a glass of milk then?
Geoffrey: Good idea.
Joan: I really enjoyed the visit to the aquarium this morning. What shall we do this afternoon?
Geoffrey: Lets go to the folk museum. It looks very interesting.
Joan: Yes, but dont forget we have to be back at the hotel by six.
Geoffrey: We definitely have enough time, dont worry.
Joan: Oh no! I cant find my purse. I must have dropped it in the car park.
Geoffrey: Ill go back and look for it if you like.
Joan said that she was going to enjoy her sandwich because
Ex.13. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech using special introductory verbs.
1. Dont go near the bull. She warned me not to go near the bull.
2. What a brilliant idea!
3. "Ill definitely take you to the park tomorrow."
4. Lets have the wedding in the spring.
5. Please, please dont tell my father what happened.
6. You are always late.
7. Im sorry I wasn't there when you needed me.
8. You switched the reports, didnt you?
9. No, I wont lend you the money.
15. You cant go to the party tonight.
16. Shall I hang out the washing?
17. Dont forget to send Mum a birthday card.
18. This is how you switch on the machine.
19. Im the best tennis player in the club.
20. Go ahead, propose to her.
Ex.14. Rewrite the following sentences in Reported Speech.
1. "Im learning French," he said. "Im going to Paris for my holidays."
He said he was learning French, adding that he was going to Paris for his holidays.
2. "Can you take the dog for a walk?" he said to her. "I'm busy."
3. "You shouldn't smoke," she said. "It's bad for your health."
4. "Can I borrow your pen, please?" he said to her. "I need to write something."
5. "Please don't talk," said the teacher. "This is a test."
6. "Why don't you turn off the TV?" she said to him. "You aren't watching it."
7. "Come to our house tonight, Mary," he said. "Jim wants to see you."
8. "Have you read your newspaper?" he asked her. "I want to look at it."
9. "The baby should be asleep," she said. "Its ten o'clock."
21. "I dont want any more cake," she said. "Ive had enough."
22. "Dont play near the road," their mother said. "It's too dangerous."
23. "I like Susan," he said. "Shes very friendly."
24. "Im teaching Jane's class," she said. "Shes on holiday this week."
25. "Sarah would like to have the house," he said. "Shes lived here a long time."
26. "You could become famous, June," he said. "Youre a very good singer."
27. "Are you going to take the job?" he asked her. "Or will you wait for a better one?"
28. "Can you phone Julie?" she asked me. "I heard she has had a fight with Mark."
29. "Do you know when May will be back?" she asked. "Shes been away all week."
9.19 "Do you think we should try this new restaurant tonight?" he asked his wife. "Ive heard its very good."
30. "If anyone phones," she said, "tell them I won't be here until tomorrow."
31. "I'd love to go to Venice," she said. "Ive never been there."
32. "Don't ask Simon how to use the computer," she said. "He doesn't know a thing about them."
33. "I must go now," said Samantha, "or I might miss the bus."
34. "Im sorry I didnt phone you yesterday," said Charlotte. "I had to visit my aunt."
Ex.15. Complete the sentences using the words in italics.
1. "You should go to the dentist Tina," he said.
advised He advised Tina to go to the dentist.
2. "Try to remember your books tomorrow," she said.
urged She our books the next day.
3. "You took m pencil!" Mark said to Mandy.
of Mark his pencil.
4. "Dont forget to take your keys," said Dad.
m Dad m keys.
5. "I hate the English weather," said Celine.
about Celine . the English weather.
6. "You must have another piece of apple pie, Laura," said Grandad.
on Grandad . piece of apple pie.
7. "I`ll never let you down," lan told Elizabeth.
promised Lan Elizabeth down.
8. "You never put the c n the toothpaste, John," said .
complained Mr ..the cp n the toothpaste.
9. "I'm the best-looking by in the class," said Greg.
that Greg the best-looking by in the class.
10. "Would you like to to lunch next Friday?" Bill said to m.
invited Bill . the following Friday.
11. "I did not eat the biscuits," said Alex.
eating Alex the biscuits.
12. "Lets go out for dinner," said Amanda.
going Amanda for dinner.
13. "You must not touch these ornaments," said Lisa to us.
to Lisa . the ornaments.
14. " knows where the stolen paintings r," said Sue.
claimed Sue ..the stolen paintings were.
15. "You m now kiss the bride," said the priest to David.
permission The priest . the bride.
16. "Dont drive the r; the brakes arent working," Dad said to m.
not Dad the cr because the brakes weren't working.
17. "Its by!" said the midwife.
exclaimed The midwife . by.
18. "Please, please dont hurt m," she cried.
not She . her.
19. "Do give m the mny!" she said to m.
urged She .the mny.
20. "Yes, I think you r right to complain," said Lorna to m.
agreed Lorna ..to complain.
21. "Please leave m alone," Clare said to them.
asked Clare . alone.
22. "I'm sorry I hurt your feelings, Jane," I said.
hurting I ..her feelings.
23. ", it was m. I tore Mums new dress," she said.
having She .. Mums new dress.
24. "Call n ambulance immediately!" said b to the passer-by.
to b .. an ambulance immediately.
25. "Would you like m to do the washing up?" said Dn.
offered Dn . the washing up.
26. "No, I wont go to the party with you," said Lena.
refused Lena . the party with m.
27. "You an use m credit card," Jake said to m.
