Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland. He is considered one of the greatest poets in English literature. His songs and poems are known and loved far beyond his own country.
Allan Canningham, oneof Burns first biographers, wrote the following lines as a preface to his work about Burns: His genius was universal. In satire, in humor, in pathos, in description, in sentiment, he was equally great... I am inclined to regard him as one of the few geniuses... and to place him by the side of the greatest names, this country has produced.
Robert Burns was born on January 25, 1759 in Alloway, a village on the River Doon, in Scotland.
His father, William Burns was a hard-working small farmer with high ideals about human worth and conduct. He knew the value of good education and when Robert was seven, he decided to give him the best education he could afford and engaged a teacher to educate him. From his teacher Robert acquired many subjects, French and literature among them.
However, Robert could not afford spending much time for his studies. His father wanted to try his hand at farming and Robert had to help him on the farm. At the age of thirteen he had to take over most of the work as his father was growing old.
Robert mother, Agnes Brown, was fond of old popular songs, ballads and often sang them. From her Robert inherited the love for folklore. Burns wrote his first verses when he was fifteen. Very soon his poems, verses and, especially, his witty epigrams became popular among his friends and acquaintances.
Despite his success as a writer, Burns remained a farmer almost all his life. The farmers hard way of life taught Burns to take joy in fleeting pleasure and to be skeptical of the moral codes of the well-to-do.
; - . .
: We were sent the document yesterday, now we are studying it.
Were sent the Past Indefinite Passive,
are studying the Present Continuous tense.
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Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland.
Very soon his poems, verses and especially, his witty epigrams became popular among his friends and acquaintances.
His songs and poems are known and loved far beyond his own country.
, .
, Participle I, Participle II, the Gerund , . . , , -. .
: The man promising you an interesting discussion is my teacher.
Promising Participle I, .
, , .
is considered one of the greatest poets in the English literature.
His father wanted to try his hand at farming and Robert had to help him on the farm..
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... his father was growing old.
He watched the working people.
5. , ; :
famous, popular, nice, bad.
6. .
l. Why did Roberts father decide to give his son the best education he could afford?
2. What did the farmers hard way of life teach Burns?
7. :
Despite his success as a writer, Burns remained a farmer almost all his life.
8. :
... as a preface...;... to regard him as one of the few geniuses...;... by the side of the greatest names...;... with high ideals;... he could afford;... to try his hand at farming...
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 .
1.4
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Indefinite, Continuous. Perfect.
there is / are
: Participle L II, the Gerund
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1. , .
At the office.
Mr.Bunin is an engineer. The TST Systems Company does business with different countries of the world. They sell mining equipment, power equipment and other goods.
Mr.Bunins office is on the second floor. There are six desks in it. You see a lot of telexes, letters and cables on them. There is a telephone on the desk.
All the engineers and economists at his office speak one or two foreign languages. The engineers of the Ministry know foreign languages to do business with foreign firms.
Mr.Bunins working hours begin at 9 clock, but he usually comes to the office at a quarter to nine to get ready for work. At 9 clock the secretary brings him the mail. He looks through the letters, cables and telexes and sends answers to foreign firms or telephones them. He sometimes receives foreign businessmen from Great Britain, France, Germany and other countries. They usually discuss prices, terms of payment and deliver.
At half past one Mr.Bunin has lunch. After lunch he sometimes meets the directors or engineers of our factories. He finishes work at 5 clock in the afternoon.
Mr.Bunin is in his office now. He is sitting at the desk and speaking on the phone. The company manager of Bell and Co is phoning him. They are making an appointment for tomorrow.
Mr.Bunin is very busy today. He has got much work to do.
He will stay in his office till 8 clock in the evening. He will come home very late.
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: The specialists of the company consult the lawyer twice a week.
Consult the Present Simple active.
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1. My friend studied at the Law Faculty.
2. Mr.Ivanov is very busy at the moment.
3. It will take him 30 minutes to get to the University.
4. The delegation and the President are discussing the terms of delivery.
5. The contract has already been discussed.
3. . .
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This company can do business with different countries of the world.
A good specialist must know foreign languages.
They will have to copy new materials.
The train is to come in time.
4. , .
They sell mining equipment, power equipment and other goods.
Discussing prices they paid much attention to details.
3. The produced goods were delivered to the warehouse.
4. The managers discussing the project are from our company.
5. (6).
6. :
Can we say that Mr.Bunin works hard? (Prove)
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1.5
1 :
1. ( ). Perfect Perfect Continuous, Indefinite, Continuous.
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. .
5. . , , . there is/ are.
6. .
1. .
BRITISH UNIVERSITIES
1 There are more than forty universities in Britain of which 36 are in England, 8 in Scotland, 2 in Northern Ireland and 1 in Wales. The two oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. These universities date from the Middle Ages. Oxford is the oldest of these two universities, it is more philosophical, classical, theological. The history of Oxford began in 1249, that of Cambridge-in 1348. Among the English universities Oxford and Cambridge have a special eminence, and they are different from the others.
2. England had no other universities, apart from Oxford and Cambridge, until the nineteenth century. The universities which were founded between 1850 and 1930, including London University, are known as redbrick universities (they were called so because that was the favorable building material of the time). They are in London, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, Nottingham, etc. The University of London is the largest of them. The division between Oxford and Redbrick is sharp. The division is essentially a class one. Redbrick. Universities were built to provide a liberal education for the poorer boys and to give technological training.
3. The universities which were founded after the Second World War are the new universities. They are in Staffordshire, Kent, Essex, Lancaster, Sussex, York. Some of them quickly became popular because of their modern approach to university courses.
4. All British Universities are private institutions. Every university is independent, autonomous and responsible only to own governing council.
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: They will get promotion in two years.
Will get the Future Indefinite active.
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I. England had no other universities apart from Oxford and Cambridge, until the 19th century.
2. The president of our company is signing the document.
3. They have studied English for 2 years. 4. He is a good specialist. 5. They will discuss this film.
3. , , .
4. :
Big, nice, interesting, good, old, philosophical
5. :
Some of the universities became popular because of their modern approach to university courses.
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University, philosophical, classical, founded, worker, special, quickly, nicely, development.
7. 1 2 .
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1.6
1 :
to be, to have;
Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous;
;
;
;
;
(Participle I, Participle II);
1) .
1. to be, to have . .
The firms activity was suspended as it... some financial problems.
Next month our agency... a new office building.
Small firms... advantages over large firms in many cases.
The chief executive... at the meeting tomorrow at 3 oclock.
2. . .
The Sales Trainee examines packaging and checks transportation documents.
Your claim will be on the agenda at the meeting of top executives.
There was a three-week delay in delivery of the consignment.
They made some modifications of the equipment.
3. , .
They... (to ship) the goods when your telegram arrives.
Each university... (to decide) each year how many students it supposes to admit.
We. .. (to come) to an agreement on the terms of payment before you arrived.
At yesterdays talks they. .. (to agree) to double their purchases.
We already. .. (to solve) the problem.
4. . .
1) Sales should increase after we boost our advertising.
2) The money can be exchanged for whatever goods and services a producer requires.
3) This bill must be paid before the end of the month.
0) He has the ability. He can win the competition.
5) Im having an interview tomorrow. I have to be at the office at 4 p. m.
5. . .
1) In corporations, ownership is represented by shares of stock.
2) Two months ago the firms staff was cut down by half.
3) Time of delivery and terms of payment are being discussed now.
4) The letter of credit will have been opened by next Friday.
6. . . .
1) The brand being on the market for some time usually has the decline of sales.
2) The company can attract additional capital investments either by issuing stocks or borrowing a loan from a bank.
3) Having been approved by the lawyer, the contract was accepted by the parties.
4) The OPEC is an international organization established for the purpose of regulating quantities of oil sold.
5) Being translated into their native language, the insurance policy could be read by foreigners.
6) I dont think this product is worth advertising.
7. .
ARBITRATION
Unfortunately as in other walks of life in trade too errors may occur and the goods may be mishandled: accidents may happen, usually because of hurry and lack of sufficient supervision and mistakes in carrying out orders may creep in. These may be caused by mistyping of figures, misreading of numbers and so on or for more serious reasons.
One of the parties to the contract may consider that the other party has infringed the terms of the contract and may write a letter of complaint containing a claim for damages or for a reduction in the price, etc.
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The parties do their best to settle their differences and claims amicably, but if they fail to agree, in accordance with the corresponding clause of the contract, the claim is submitted for arbitration, whose statute says that it is a standing arbitration tribunal which shall settle disputes from contractual and civil-law relations in the course of foreign trade and other international economic and scientific-technological contracts.
If the parties do not agree upon a single arbitrator, each of them appoints (or chooses from among the List of Arbitrators) their own, in which case the latter are to elect the chairman from the same List (who corresponds to the former umpire). The three of them form the arbitration tribunal which considers the case and makes an award by a majority of votes. The awards of the Arbitration Court are final and binding upon both parties and without appeal.
Arbitration expenses, which are sometimes very high, are usually borne by the loser unless otherwise agreed upon.
8. . .
If the parties fail to settle their differences and claims amicably, the claim is submitted for arbitration.
9. .
1) What does a letter of complaint usually contain?
2) Why are claims submitted for arbitration?
3) What claims does a standing arbitration tribunal settle?
4) What do the parties do, if they do not agree upon a single arbitrator?
5) Who bears the arbitration expenses?
1.9
1. , .
ECONOMIC RELATIONS.
The business circles of Belarus do not want to wait for the politicians to decide their place in the world. Belarusian businessmen want to cooperate. At present Belarus according to many experts presents a great interest for local as well as foreign businessmen.
The Republic of Belarus maintains contacts with many foreign countries in different spheres of economy. It is an exporter and importer of different goods. Recently there appeared many joint enterprises that help to make international contacts more stable and beneficial. Belarusian enterprises set up direct contacts with foreign enterprises and firms. This is a new form of cooperation as well as joint ventures and joint stock companies.
Belarusian goods such as tractors, heavy-duty trucks, refrigerators, watches, fertilizers, dump trucks, motorcycles are exported to many countries of the world. Among import items are such goods as high-tech goods, tea, coffee, cotton, wine. The republic imports oil, gas, metal too.
Belarusian business circles are ready to offer to their foreign partners a number of long-term projects. This involves investment into Belarusian economy on mutually beneficial conditions, the creation of joint ventures, cooperation with large Belarusian banks, insurance companies, commercial firms. One of the prospective fields without which international cooperation in Belarus will be hardly possible is the creation of joint consulting companies on legal, finance and insurance problems.
: Joint ventures ,
Joint stock companies
2. . .
: The contract was signed on Monday.
Was signed the Past indefinite passive.
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1. Quite big sums of money will be invested in this project.
2. Belarusian business circles are ready to offer a number of projects to their partners.
3. The Republic of Belarus maintains contacts with many foreign countries.
4. The company has got new business proposals.
5. The new high-tech goods have been offered by our company.
6. The managers of our firm are discussing the terms of delivery now.
3. , . .
1. The Republic of Belarus has to import gas, oil, metals, tea, coffee, wine, chemicals and some other goods.
2. You must work harder to gain success.
3. Can you prove that Belarusian businessmen want to cooperate?
4. We ought to work much to improve economic relations between our companies.
5. You may bring the technical documents on the project to your colleagues to discuss.
4. The Gerund, The Participle I, The Participle II, , .
1. This work done by your specialists will improve our contacts.
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2. Having done this work, the managers offered the results to the international commission.
3. The enterprises setting up direct contacts with foreign companies are quite numerous in our republic.
4. Being invited to the conference they want to make a big report.
5. After discussing the terms of payment, we intend to sign the agreement.
6. The man entering the office is our best specialist in marketing.
5. . . (5)
Recently there appeared many joint enterprises in Belarus that make international contacts more stable and beneficial.
6. , :
In what way is the Belarusian economy involved into international economic relations?
7. , , .
International, cooperation, effective, effectiveness, economic, Belarusian, investment, to invest, beneficial, industrial, industry, developed, producers.
8. .
