Past Perfect. Past Perfect Past Indefinite. , . Past Indefinite Past Perfect :
1. Past Indefinite , , . .:
| When the guest of honourhad arrived, the speeches began " , " |
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| When the guest of honour arrived, the speeches began " ". |
When Jane spilled the coffee, Fred cleaned it up , When Jane had spilled the coffee, Fred cleaned it up - .
2. Past Indefinite , a Past Perfect - . .:
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| When I put the cat out ( ), it ran off into the bushes in disgust |
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| When I had washed the cat ( ), it ran off into the bushes in disgust. |
, , , Past Perfect. :
When I had put the cat out, I locked the door and went to bed.
, .. , Past Indefinite. :
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
3. Past Indefinite Past Perfect know understand. :
When I knew the work of the department thoroughly, I was moved to the next department. (.: When I had learned the work of one department thoroughly, I was moved to the next department.)
, . know understand Past Perfect. :
When she had known me for a year, she invited me to tea.
4. BE Past Perfect, - Past Indefinite. .:
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| BE- After they had paid for their dinner... |
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| - After they paid for their dinner... |
before Past Perfect 1) 2) . , , , - . .:
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| 1) We had not gonethirty yards before a great black opening loomed in the wall (Co.) |
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| 2) She went out before I'd realized what was happening. |
Past Perfect ; . :
For I hadn't been here a week before I had bought the trestle table and laid out the books on it (Le.).
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Past Perfect , , , ( - ).
I had thought, , . :
I had thought that we were going to be invited to dinner " - ...".
( , ), .
1. . :
"Doctor," Gertrude blurted out, "I told them you' ve been here" (M. dark).
. :
If she said that David has deceived me, it's true (Mac.).
, , , , , , . :
Socrates: I am blameless (Socrates dies). Socrates said that he was blameless.
2. . .:
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| Jean told me (this morning) that he's posted my letter |
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| Jack told me (that morning) that he'd posted it. |
3. Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect, Past Indefinite. :
I've posted your letter-Jack told me he posted it.
Perfect Perfect BE . :
Jack said that he' s / he 'd already posted it.
4. . :
"I have a headache, too." "What did you say?" "I said I have a headache, too."
5. . .:
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| Pam said that she wanted / had wanted to go to Albany to visit friends last weekend. |
wanted , , had wanted - . . :
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| Newcastle decided that they may / might as well put in some attacking practice and this they did. |
may might .
6. - .
( ) :
1. , . ,
: It doesn't matter where we go on holiday ("");
: I don't care what we have for dinner tomorrow ("");
: I won't be needing much furniture where I' m going (D. Hamilton) ("");
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: You will keep calm, whatever happens (" ");
: Next time I'll do as he says ("").
, , :
I' ll always know where you are;
I don't know where you 'll be tomorrow
, , , (: If he won't arrive before nine, there' s no point in ordering dinner for him). . ( ), , , : We' ll probably drive faster than you do / will. Perfect. , : When he had been at school he had learned nothing, so he was now illiterate. : When he was at school he had learned nothing, so he was now illiterate. , . :
It' s been a good time while it lasted ( has lasted);
He had gone to sleep while he was driving ( *... had been driving).
. :
I would never do anything that went against my conscience ( *... would go...).
: . , If I had known it, I would have waited : If I knew it, I would have waited.
2. BE . , BE Present Perfect, Present Indefinite. :
BE- After she has had lunch, she will go;
- After she has lunch, she will go (. , BE Past Perfect, - Past Indefinite).
Continuous
/ Continuous :
1. , .
2. , Continuous
) ( , )
) .
) , Continuous , ,
) , Continuous . .
1. , Continuous, . Continuous , contain, consist, possess, prefer, suppose . "Harry, you must help us." Louise's commands changed to pleading. "Must, must, must. Who' s musting me?" (Di.), , " + " ( musting = saying "must"). say , Continuous , , , .
Continuous . , , , ,
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1) :
2) , ;
3) ;
4) , ;
5) ;
6) , ;
7) , .
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1) I thought I was seeing a ghost;
2) Were you wanting a room?;
3) Sorry, I was forgetting;
4) "I thought it was some damn poacher. We've had a hell of a lot of it this winter." - "Knight was telling me";
5) .:
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| helps me every day " " |
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| is helping me every day " , !"; |
6) .:
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| is smoking 20 cigarettes a day ( ) |
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| smokes 20 cigarettes a day ( ). |
Continuous , . :
At that time, we were bathing every day.
, Continuous . :
The Earth is rotating around the Sun at a rate of 365 days per revolution;
7) .: I always meet Harry in the Red Lion " " I am always meeting Harry in the Red Lion " ''. . : I talked to Tom " " I was talking to the other day " ".
2. measure, weight, smell, taste Continuous "", "", "", "", - " - ", "", "", " - ". .:
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| Why's the man measuring the street? |
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| The room measures 10 metres across (r.). |
think Continuous ", ", ", ", " - ". .:
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| What are you thinking about? |
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| I think you're right; |
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| I don't think much of his latest book. |
feel Continuous " ", ", ", "". I feel / am feeling fine I feel we shouldn't do it, - Can I go out the back way? I'm feeling I might run into trouble (Ch.).
have Continuous ", " , .. , We're having to work hard these days. see Continuous "", "", "" [I' m seeing my solicitor this afternoon (.)], " ( )" (What film are you seeing?). "" [I' m seeing a good many churches on my way south (L. Hartley)] Continuous "" (I see what you mean).
hear Continuous " " [You will be hearing from your lawyer shortly (LD.)], " (, - )". :
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was not hearing what I said (Le.)
I was seeing and hearing it done (J.C.).
Continuous can / could + see / hear. :
I can hear a funny noise.
26. know Continuous, . :
The matron (at Guy's Hospital) does not know all she should be knowing about this affair;
And how may you be knowing? (R. Bellum).
be Continuous, , ( ). , , ( hungry), ( dead) , , ( nice). be Continuous. :
You' re being very clever today " !";
The children are being very quiet " - () ".
.:
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| I'mnot being silly (.) " " |
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| I'm not silly " ". |
Continuous Indefinite : Continuous = Indefinite + this time only. . :
John is being a policeman " ";
I wasn't being an objective doctor (. Mergendahl) " , ".
be Continuous - , . ,
) ;
) , ,
) , .
:
a)Mary is being an idiot" -",
) John is being angry" () ( - )",
) is being funny " ( )".
Continuous Active The house was building Continuous Passive: The house was being built. , :
I took her measure when she came down while the house was building (C.);
The oats are threshing;
The coffee is making.
, , , , : The eggs are frying; The cereal is cooking; The water is boiling.
Present Continuous. Present Continuous - . , (. ()). , , , Present Indefinite (. ()) , I (. ()). :
a) Oxford are drawing slightly ahead of Cambridge now; they' re rowing with a beautiful rhythm; Cambridge are looking a little disorganized...;
6) And Smith passes to Devaney, Devaney to Barnes, Barnes across to Lucas - and Taylor intercepts, Taylor to Peters - and he shoots - and it's a goal! Whitney are leading by three goals to nil in the first half;
) Smith going forward now, and Henry staying behind...
, () () Continuous, : . , Continuous ( ()). , . , . , .. (: ; , , ..). , . , . , ; , , , , , . , , - , , . , . , , , . - . , , . , , . , Indefinite Continuous. :
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I declare this meeting open / adjourned / resumed / closed.
, , Present Continuous (: I'm leaving tomorrow) Present Indefinite (: I leave tomorrow) 7-8 .
Past Continuous , Present Past Indefinite. .:
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| Do you want to see someone? ( ); |
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| Did you want to see someone? (); |
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| Were you wanting to see someone? ( ). |
Past Continuous , Past Indefinite. , What were you doing before you came here? , What did you do before you came here?, a) What were you doing in my room? , ) What did you do in my room? : ) " , ?" ) " ?".
Past Continuous , What are you doing here?. :
I was thinking that you might need a hammer.
Future Continuous , Future Indefinite. , , Future Continuous . :
Will you be using the car tomorrow? If not, can I borrow it?
Shall I + Continuous Indefinite - . :
Shall I be seeing you tomorrow?
Future Continuous . See you soon I shall be seeing you. Shall be seeing you Be seeing you. I shall be going; I shall be getting along must have to. :
I must be getting along (G.).
Future Continuous Shall you...?. , Shall you go? Will you be going?. Shall you...? , Future Continuous. Shall you...? ...shall you? . :
You' ll get a good job - if you decide to take them on. Shall you? (Mac.).
Present Perfect Continuous. , Present Past Continuous , , , Present Past Indefinite, Present Perfect Continuous , , a Present Perfect - . .:
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| I've been living in Sally's flat for the last month |
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| My parents have livedin Bristol all their lives. |
, Present Perfect , a Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, . . .:
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| has eaten my chocolates " "; |
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| was eating my chocolates " (, , )"; |
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| has been eating my chocolates " ". |
Present Perfect Continuous , , , . just. .:
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| It has rained a great deal since you were here |
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| Oh look! It has just been raining. |
Continuous. , , Present Perfect Continuous Passive . :
It's been being built for the past three years.
BE Continuous, . :
Our plant's going to be having been without water for three days
It' s been being occurring to me for some time.
. - , BE - ( ). .:
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| -I insist that hedo it; |
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| AE-We insist that a meeting (should) be held as soon as possible. |
for, BE - , for . :
- We suggest that Alex should be the chairman;
We propose for Alex to be a chairman;
BE - The committee recommended the company to invest in new property; it is necessary for every member to inform himself of these rules;
It is essential that nuclear weapons are banned.
- , . .:
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| I insist that he take the medicine " , " |
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| I insist that he takes the medicine " , ". |
was If I were / was... BE, () 40% , (NZE) - 80% . : BE, , , - 30% , NZE- 50% .
should would. :
If Joe would have time, he would go to Mexico.
I should think I should have thought . :
I should think we'll need at least twelve loaves of bread;
I should have thought we could expect about forty people.
I should have thought ( ) . :
I should have thought you could have carried them down the drive (Di.);
"You would have been pleased, I should have thought. " - "Oh but I am" (Le.).
(insist, suggest ..) don't know / see no reason / can't think + why. :
I don't know / see no reason why you should think that I did it;
I can't think why he should have said that it was my fault.
BE should would. Should - . :
I should be grateful if you would send me...
If I were you, I should get that car serviced, , I should get that car serviced. I should You should, should , . , , I should wash first, change your dress and comb your hair (.), I your.
It is time + for It is time + - : , , , . .:
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| It's time for you to start earning your own living " " |
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| It's time you started earning your own living " ". |
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. to there do . .:
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| There was nothing to do but to wait (C. Herbert) |
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| There was nothing to do but wait (Li.). |
to, , , . :
And if we have to, we can prove it (Go.).
to If I knew how to. :
I wouldn't do it even if I knew how;
I have stood this for as long as I am able (.).
to Do it if you want / wish (to) . to like. .:
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| Do it if you like to " , " |
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| Do it if you like "- , - ". |
would to to : ( ): Do it if you would like (to).
to help , BE, BE. to . BE to . :
Help me get him to bed.
to , help (. ), , , , . .:
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| helped me climb the stairs by propping me up with his shoulder ( ) |
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| helped me to climb the stairs by cheering me on ( ). |
to help to do , - . to help . :
That was to help you relax.
, BE to and . .
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| . I will try to get you the books |
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| . I will try and get you the books. |
come go. :
. Go to fetch the tea (.)
. Go and fetch that girl back (S.).
come / go + to , BE. :
- Helen was talking on the phone to the Fletchers, Harrison and Alice, who wanted to come visit (Ir.);
BE - I'll go fetch him (S.).
to than . :
It is nicer to go with someone than (to) go alone.
convince persuade that of, . :
Campaigners have failed to convince Mr. C. to keep open the hospital.
. I Continuous (.) being + -ing, . :
I've missed endless buses through not being standing at the bus stop when they arrived;
That's what comes of Martin being teaching again.
It makes me sick to even think about it (He.) . :
The Reagan administration has tried to ease the tensions by publicly downplaying trade differences with the allies (MN.).
. , . . , , .
,
1) ,
2) ,
3) .
1) : I love lying / to lie on my back and staring / to stare at the sky. , . , attempt, can't bear intend .
2) deserve, need, require want . :
Your shoes need cleaning / to be cleaned.
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, sorry, . :
I'm sorry for waking / for having woken / to have woken you up yesterday.
allow, advise, forbid, permit recommend . :
I don't allow smoking. 
I don't allow him to smoke a pipe.
( , , allow permit, .)
3) :
) , , -, ;
) , - , , ;
) , , - ( - Indefinite, Continuous).
) .:
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| I sensed him to be a bit uncertain ( ) |
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| I sensed his being uncertain ( ). |
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| I like himto be nice to you " , " |
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| I like his being nice to you " , "; |
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| is certain / sure to win" ( )" |
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| is certain / sure of winning" ()"; |
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| I remember seeing him " , " |
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| I remember to see him " , " ( forget, regret, ashamed ). |
, , Future Indefinite Weather to Stay Mild (DW.) " ".
, - ( enjoy, approve, witness; resistance), - , ( expect, hope; reluctance). .:
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| I enjoyed meeting him (LD.) |
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| We hope to see you soon (.). |
. : resistance to going reluctance to go. like (, like ""; , like ""), dislike, like "", . : *I dislike to eat this kind of fish.
, ( ) , ( ), - , . :
hesitate would be fatal, and they will regret it;
Hesitating had been fatal, and they regretted it ( : * hesitate had been fatal, and they regretted it).
love, like, hate prefer. ( ) loved. :
They loved to run on the sands.
interested: , - . .:
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| I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you know anybody who could help me?; |
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| I shall be interested to know what happens (.); |
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| I was interested to hear your remark (LD.). |
Future-in-the-Past. :
"I can see that the Pyramids impressed you." - "I never thought to see them" (Ho.) (= I never thought I should see them).
think ( , ) (Past Indefinite).
) afraid , , , -. .:
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| was afraid of falling " , " |
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| was afraid to jump " " ( : * was afraid to fall / crash). |
) begin, start, go on, continue, end, finish, stop, try, be ashamed, remember, forget , - . .:
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| began opening all the cupboards |
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| began to open the cupboards; |
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| He started speaking and kept on for more than an hour |
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| started to speak but stopped because she objected. |
begin start understand realize . :
She began to understand what he really wanted ( : *... began understanding...).
Cp. :
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| Try standing up " " ( - ) |
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| Try to stand up " " ( , ). |
go on + Gerund go on + Infinitive " -" " -". .:
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| Do go on telling me your adventures (LD.) ", " |
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| After introducing the speaker, the chairman went on to give details of the meeting (ib.) " , ". |
- , . .:
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| Did you think to ask Brown? " ?" |
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| Did you think ofasking Brown? " ?". |
think about of. . .:
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| thought about the problem " " |
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| thought of the problem " ". |
BE " " " " , , : to be at school to be in school. in.
" - " since ( Present Perfect), from. .:
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| I was there from three o'clock, but nobody came; |
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| I've been here since three o'clock, but nobody has come; |
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| I'll be here from three o'clock tomorrow. |
till until, " - " to. :
We usually have our lunch-break from twelve-thirty to / until one-thirty;
It's another three weeks to / till the holidays.
BE speak / talk to someone " -" " -". with, - to. . :
"I told you, my brother is the family historian, Talk to him." - "I intend to, but I'd like to talk with you first" (Mar.).
about on. :
We did not expect what happened and we are very disappointed about it ( at);
We need have no fears on the future of technical education ( for).
about on , , , , , in connexion with, in reference to, with regard to, in respect of, in the case of, in the matter of.
on to be on a train to specialize on smth, BE, in.
At evening " ". :
At evening the boys went back to their homes [...] they would return and eat (N. Shute).
to wait "" for. on. :
I've just been waiting on a suitable appointment-such as this-to get married (Cr.);
Wait on me (.).
, (, agree, approve, compensate, protest) (, belong, cope). , agree with (" -"), to (" -") on (" - "). , : agreeing to a plan agreeing a plan, a agreeing on a policy - agreeing a policy. :
All the arrangements have been agreed.
belong to a place belong, with a difficult situation - . :
Danny was coping (H.);
You could really feel you belonged (Di.).
, , I should shove off to Spain the end of June (He.), BE, , I'll see you Sunday.
II granted " , ", - absent " ". :
Granted these possibilities, why...?;
Absent some international crisis, I would foresee a continuing decline in price (W. Safire).
Let alone , and. :
There were 7 people in the car, let alone a pile of luggage and 3 dogs (Hor.).
1) both... and,
2) (n)either / whether... (n)or,
3) not only... but also
( ), . :
1) 
2) 
3) 
:
) either (= each of two) whether (= which of the two),
) both, either neither , , , ,
) only, ,
) , also, so as . :
)It's so sad and funny, both (R. Bradbury);
"Bourbon or Scotch?" -" Either. " (Sa.);
) Six bottles of stout... were upon the chest of drawers, also Terence's flute (Cr.)1.
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, too ("") , either- . either . too either : Do you want that one either / too?) , : too , a either - .
only . - - (), , only , . (), , only . .:
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| ) hadonly six apples 6) Heonly had  six apples;
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| a) He lent the car to meonly ) He only lent the car to me.
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2. .
