: Conglomerate is formed from gravel.
Sandstone
Rock salt Mineral oil Shale
Peat and coal Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
through the sedimentation
of mineral substances, from sand, from clay minerals, from organic remains, from particles of pre-existing rocks, by the accumulation of plant
remains, from magma, from either igneous or sedimentary
rocks.
20.
:
1. There (to be) three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimen
tary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
2. These rocks (to make up) the crust of the Earth.
3. Sedimentary rocks (to be divided) into: mechanical sediments
gravel, sand, sandstone, shale, etc; chemical sediments rock salt,
gypsum, ironstones, etc; organic sediments peat, coal, etc.
4. The particles of consolidated rocks (to be cemented) firmly to
one another.
5. Gypsum (to be formed) through sedimentation of mineral
substances that (to be dissolved) in water.
6. It is quite obvious that the textures of igneous rocks (to vary) accord
ing to the depth at which rocks (to be formed) many years ago.
7. Exposed igneous rocks (to be formed) at various depths.
21. ,
either either... or.
either ; , | either... or ... ; ... |
1. Metamorphic rocks have been derived either from igneous or
from sedimentary rocks.
2. Sediments are formed either at the surface or near the sur
face of the Earth by the action of heat, water and the remains of
organisms.
Unit 4_______________________________________________ 97
3. Mechanical sediments can be either consolidated or uncon-
solidated.
4. Igneous rocks are formed as extrusive or as intrusive masses
solidified either at the surface of the Earth's crust or deep under
ground.
5. Either of these rocks are very important because they are of
ten rich in mineral deposits.
22. ,
. ( -.)
to consist (of), to be used as fuel, to be dissolved, substance, fuel, as is known, by the action of, to be formed, the Earth's crust, sedimentation
1. ,
.
2. ,
, .
3. ,
. .
4. .
23. ) ,
. .
) , . .
24. , .
, :
|
|
Sedimentary Rocks
mechanical chemical organic
sediments sediments sediments
the destructive the destructive the action
mechanical chemical action of the decay
action of water, of water of the remains
wind, etc. |
of organisms
unconsolidated consolidated rock salt, coal, peat,
(uncemcnted) (firmly cemented) gypsum mineral oil
particles particles
sand, clay, sandstones
gravel
98_________________________________________ Unit 4
25. "Sedimentary Rocks", :
1. The characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks.
2. Sediments (mechanical, chemical, organic) and their formation.
3. The practical value of sedimentary rocks.
, , , ( ) .
Active Voice Passive Voice
The miners showed us We were shown a new
a new combine. combine.
A new combine was shown
. to us.
.
, : to give , to offer , to show , to tell , to teach .
We were offered
a new job. .
- .
, : to account for -., to deal with , (), to depend on (upon) , to look at , to provide for , to refer to (), to speak of (about) , to send for , to make mention of , to make provision for -
Unit 4
, to make use of , to pay attention to , to take advantage of , to take care of .
The doctor was sent for. A new method was much spoken about.
. . '
- , .
: to affect ( -., -.), to answer ( -.), to attend ( -.), to follow ( -., -.) . :
The experiment was followed by a test (of the device).
The lecture was attended by a great number of students.
().
.
can, may, must , , , , :
The shop must be
reconstructed. .
It must be said that... , ...
|
|
2. many, much, few, little
many few |
many workers | many mines | |||
few miners | few buildings | |||
much little |
l | ||
much coal - little coal | much time little time |
100______________________________________________ Unit 4
: a little a few ( ) . much : a lot (of), a great deal (oO, a great , lots of, a lot of, , , .
:
We didn't spent much
money. .
Have you got many ?
friends?
We spent a lot of money. .
There's too much sugar .
in my tea.
Hurry up! We've got !
little time. .
He has very few friends. .
I've got a little money. .
There were only a few
houses in the village. .
26. ) :
[] ex'pand, con'tract, crack, 'gravel, 'fracture
[] des'tructive, des'traction, 'substance, 'colour, re'suit
[i:] 'equal, 'reason, heat, peak, ma'rine
[e] 'desert, ac'celerate, sue'cession, 'weathering,
subjected
[] 'soluble, 'moderate, phe'nomenon [ju:] 'uniform, 'uniformly, pure, 'purely
) :
disintegration [dis,mti'greif(3)n], climate ['klaimit], fissure I'fifa], equal ['i:kwal], unequal [An'i:kwal], marine [ma'ri:n], mountain ['mauntm], mountainous ['mauntmas), phenomenon [ffnomman]
27. 1-2 ,
.
contain [kan'tem] v ( crack [krek] ; ; v
), ; , -
contract [kan'traekt] v ;
dust [dAst]
Unit 4
expand [iks'psend] v ); () ; expansion ; ant contract
fissure ['ft/a] ( , ); ;
fracture ['fnektja] ; ; ; v (); ()
freeze [frirz] v ; ;
gradual ['graedjual] ; gradually adv
bard [had] , ; ant soft; ( ); adv , ; hardly adv ,
hole [houl] ; ; ;
influence ['influans] ; v (on, upon) ( -.)
lateral ['lateral]
occur [':] v ; ; ; syn take place, happen; occurrence ['] ; mode of occurrence
penetrate ['penitreit] v (), (-.)
phenomenon [fi'nomman] ; pi phenomena
to be subjected to
pressure ['prejaj ; lateral pressure () ; rock pressure ,
rate [reit] , ; , ; ; ; syn speed, velocity
refer [rffa:] v (to) ( -.); ( , )
resist [n'zist] v ; ; ; resistance [n'zistans] ; resistant [n'zistant] ; ;
size [saiz] ; ; ()
|
|
solution [sa'lu:J(a)n] ; soluble ['soljubl] ; solvent ['solvent] ;
succession [sak'se/(a)n] , ; in succession
undergo [.Anda'gou] (underwent, undergone) v (-.), (-.)
uniform ['jurnifaim] ;
weathering ['wefianrj] ; (, ..)
28. ) -nesr.
hardness, thickness, softness, effectiveness, darkness
) , - :
1. Soft rocks (mudstone, clay) are easily penetrated with a tool
and do not greatly resist the separation of a part from the mass. The
main property of such rocks is....
2. Hard rocks may be strong (sandstone, granite, magnetite) and
very strong (quartzite, diabase, etc.). These rocks have the highest
resistance to penetration with a tool. Their main property is....
3. The coal seam is thick and its... is more than three metres.
4.The modern equipment is effective.Its...is greater than that of the old one.
Unit 4
29. . :
the contraction and expansion of rocks
the destructive action of water
the solvent action of water
under the influence of heat
fine-grained sand
at an equal rate
external and internal forces
hard conditions
the Earth's surface
mode of occurrence
the layers of oil
the destruction of rocks
lateral pressure
physical and chemical weathering
the consolidation of sediments
to be of unequal hardness
natural waters
considerable transformations
hard rocks
hardly noticeable cracks
bedded deposits
30.
:
active processes; physical or mechanical weathering; the change in temperature; different minerals; varied forms; chemical agents; complex changes; the disintegration of rocks; cold climate; high mountain peaks; living organisms; to accelerate the destruction of rocks
31. ) ,
.