.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


,




: Conglomerate is formed from gravel.


Sandstone

Rock salt Mineral oil Shale

Peat and coal Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks


through the sedimentation

of mineral substances, from sand, from clay minerals, from organic remains, from particles of pre-existing rocks, by the accumulation of plant

remains, from magma, from either igneous or sedimentary

rocks.


20.
:

1. There (to be) three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimen
tary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. These rocks (to make up) the crust of the Earth.

3. Sedimentary rocks (to be divided) into: mechanical sediments
gravel, sand, sandstone, shale, etc; chemical sediments rock salt,
gypsum, ironstones, etc; organic sediments peat, coal, etc.

4. The particles of consolidated rocks (to be cemented) firmly to
one another.

5. Gypsum (to be formed) through sedimentation of mineral
substances that (to be dissolved) in water.

6. It is quite obvious that the textures of igneous rocks (to vary) accord
ing to the depth at which rocks (to be formed) many years ago.

7. Exposed igneous rocks (to be formed) at various depths.

21. ,
either either... or.

 

either ; , either... or ... ; ...

1. Metamorphic rocks have been derived either from igneous or
from sedimentary rocks.

2. Sediments are formed either at the surface or near the sur
face of the Earth by the action of heat, water and the remains of
organisms.


Unit 4_______________________________________________ 97

3. Mechanical sediments can be either consolidated or uncon-
solidated.

4. Igneous rocks are formed as extrusive or as intrusive masses
solidified either at the surface of the Earth's crust or deep under
ground.

5. Either of these rocks are very important because they are of
ten rich in mineral deposits.

22. ,
. ( -.)

to consist (of), to be used as fuel, to be dissolved, substance, fuel, as is known, by the action of, to be formed, the Earth's crust, sedimentation

1. ,
.

2. ,
, .

3. ,
. .

4. .

23. ) ,
. .

) , . .

24. , .
, :

Sedimentary Rocks

mechanical chemical organic

sediments sediments sediments


the destructive the destructive the action

mechanical chemical action of the decay

action of water, of water of the remains

wind, etc.

of organisms


 

unconsolidated consolidated rock salt, coal, peat,

(uncemcnted) (firmly cemented) gypsum mineral oil

particles particles

 

sand, clay, sandstones
gravel


98_________________________________________ Unit 4

25. "Sedimentary Rocks", :

1. The characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks.

2. Sediments (mechanical, chemical, organic) and their formation.

3. The practical value of sedimentary rocks.

, , , ( ) .

Active Voice Passive Voice

The miners showed us We were shown a new

a new combine. combine.

A new combine was shown
. to us.

.

, : to give , to offer , to show , to tell , to teach .

We were offered

a new job. .

- .

, : to account for -., to deal with , (), to depend on (upon) , to look at , to provide for , to refer to (), to speak of (about) , to send for , to make mention of , to make provision for -


Unit 4



 


, to make use of , to pay attention to , to take advantage of , to take care of .


The doctor was sent for. A new method was much spoken about.


. . '


- , .

: to affect ( -., -.), to answer ( -.), to attend ( -.), to follow ( -., -.) . :


The experiment was followed by a test (of the device).

The lecture was attended by a great number of students.


().

.


can, may, must , , , , :

The shop must be

reconstructed. .

It must be said that... , ...

2. many, much, few, little


many few

 

 

     
many workers   many mines
 
few miners   few buildings
 
         

 

much little

 

 

 

 

 

l    
   
much coal - little coal much time little time

100______________________________________________ Unit 4

: a little a few ( ) . much : a lot (of), a great deal (oO, a great , lots of, a lot of, , , .

:

We didn't spent much

money. .

Have you got many ?

friends?

We spent a lot of money. .

There's too much sugar .

in my tea.

Hurry up! We've got !

little time. .

He has very few friends. .

I've got a little money. .

There were only a few

houses in the village. .

26. ) :

[] ex'pand, con'tract, crack, 'gravel, 'fracture

[] des'tructive, des'traction, 'substance, 'colour, re'suit

[i:] 'equal, 'reason, heat, peak, ma'rine

[e] 'desert, ac'celerate, sue'cession, 'weathering,

subjected

[] 'soluble, 'moderate, phe'nomenon [ju:] 'uniform, 'uniformly, pure, 'purely

) :

disintegration [dis,mti'greif(3)n], climate ['klaimit], fissure I'fifa], equal ['i:kwal], unequal [An'i:kwal], marine [ma'ri:n], mountain ['mauntm], mountainous ['mauntmas), phenomenon [ffnomman]

27. 1-2 ,
.

contain [kan'tem] v ( crack [krek] ; ; v
), ; , -

contract [kan'traekt] v ;

dust [dAst]


Unit 4



 


 


expand [iks'psend] v ); () ; expansion ; ant contract

fissure ['ft/a] ( , ); ;

fracture ['fnektja] ; ; ; v (); ()

freeze [frirz] v ; ;

gradual ['graedjual] ; gradually adv

bard [had] , ; ant soft; ( ); adv , ; hardly adv ,

hole [houl] ; ; ;

influence ['influans] ; v (on, upon) ( -.)

lateral ['lateral]

occur [':] v ; ; ; syn take place, happen; occurrence ['] ; mode of occurrence

penetrate ['penitreit] v (), (-.)

phenomenon [fi'nomman] ; pi phenomena

to be subjected to


pressure ['prejaj ; lateral pressure () ; rock pressure ,

rate [reit] , ; , ; ; ; syn speed, velocity

refer [rffa:] v (to) ( -.); ( , )

resist [n'zist] v ; ; ; resistance [n'zistans] ; resistant [n'zistant] ; ;

size [saiz] ; ; ()

solution [sa'lu:J(a)n] ; soluble ['soljubl] ; solvent ['solvent] ;

succession [sak'se/(a)n] , ; in succession

undergo [.Anda'gou] (underwent, undergone) v (-.), (-.)

uniform ['jurnifaim] ;

weathering ['wefianrj] ; (, ..)


28. ) -nesr.

hardness, thickness, softness, effectiveness, darkness

) , - :

1. Soft rocks (mudstone, clay) are easily penetrated with a tool
and do not greatly resist the separation of a part from the mass. The
main property of such rocks is....

2. Hard rocks may be strong (sandstone, granite, magnetite) and
very strong (quartzite, diabase, etc.). These rocks have the highest
resistance to penetration with a tool. Their main property is....

3. The coal seam is thick and its... is more than three metres.

4.The modern equipment is effective.Its...is greater than that of the old one.



Unit 4


 


29. . :


the contraction and expansion of rocks

the destructive action of water

the solvent action of water

under the influence of heat

fine-grained sand

at an equal rate

external and internal forces

hard conditions

the Earth's surface

mode of occurrence

the layers of oil


the destruction of rocks

lateral pressure

physical and chemical weathering

the consolidation of sediments

to be of unequal hardness

natural waters

considerable transformations

hard rocks

hardly noticeable cracks

bedded deposits


30.
:

active processes; physical or mechanical weathering; the change in temperature; different minerals; varied forms; chemical agents; complex changes; the disintegration of rocks; cold climate; high mountain peaks; living organisms; to accelerate the destruction of rocks

31. ) ,
.





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