| had + (Past Participle) |
- , - , , .
I didn't go to see the film ,
last night because I'd
seen it before. .
She told me she had never ,
been to London before. .
Past Perfect , .
1. ) :
[:] course, board, a'broad, re'cording, be'cause
[ju:] 'during, 'tutor, tu'ition, 'student
[:] work, con'cern, con'cerning, uni'versity
[ai] 'science, 'final, de'sign, ap'plied
[sk] school, 'scholarship
'special,.specialisation, 'specialist,.speci'ality
) . :
laboratory [1'1()], traversing [4raeva(:)sin], Nottingham ['notirjsm], university [,ju:m'va:siti], tacheometry [,taekf omatri], examination [ig.zaemf neijh], graduation [,graedju:'eifn]
) ,
:
ex'periment ex,peri'mental; 'tutor tu'torial; as'tronomy ,astro'nomical;.tache'ometry .tacheo'metric
2. 1-2 ,
.
accurate ['xkjurit] , - ; concerning prep
; accuracy ,
archive ['o:kaiv] consider [ksn'sids]'v ;
attend [a'tend] v (- ; considerable
, , , ; consideration
) ;
comprehensive [,kompn'hensiv] a draw [drc:] (drew [dm:], drawn
, - [dram]) v . , ;
draw the conclusion ;
concern ['5:] v , - syn come to the conclusion
; employ [im'plai] v ,
-.; , ; ; (-
); syn use, utilize, apply; obtain [sb'tem] v ; -
employment n ; ; , ; syn get, receive
, present [pn'zent] v ,
familiarize [fs'miljaraiz] v - ; , ,
; presentation n , -
fundamental [.fAnda'mentl] n pi ,-
() proximity [prok'simiti] n ,
levelling ['levlin],/i , , in proximity to -
(), - , (-)
require [n'kwaia] v , syn
number ['] , - call for, demand, meet the require -
, ; ments -
() ,
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observe [ab'zaiv] v , - traversing [()sin] n -
( -.),
(, )
to keep in close touch with
to touch upon (on) , ()
3. ) -/: automatic, electronic, scientific, academic
) , :
1. It is obvious that Great Britain, like every other country in
modern internationally-organised economy, ought to concentrate on
the industrial and... activities.
2. Scientists and engineers work in the field of science and engi
neering. They carry out research and solve important... problems in
computer engineering.
3. Engineers pay much attention to electronics now. They design
and build new... machines which they use in industry.
4. Automation helps people work more easily. The development of
,.. control systems is the main aim of modern engineering.
4. :
large-scale open-cast mining ore mining
traversing and levelling in proximity to coal-fields
accurate scientific observations mining departments of universities
fundamentals of engineering science graduation paper
drawing classes a wide range of activity
the equipment available for carrying to attend lectures and seminars
out surveying to keep in close touch with mining
to obtain good results enterprises
5.
:
the problem concerning mining education; special colleges; special institutes; geologists and mining engineers; mechanical and electrical engineers; social sciences; specialized subjects; the type of specialization and qualification; course; logical conclusions; experimental methods of work; the characteristics of engineering materials; two types of laboratories; the final years; tacheometric and astronomical surveying; to guarantee employment for the graduates from colleges and universities; financial and other resources
6. )
:
1. electrical engineering )
2. applied sciences )
3. postgraduates )
4. in proximity to mines )
5. to draw logical con- )
elusions e)
6. to obtain good results )
7. to record observations
6) :
1. ( - a) on the other hand
) 6) to keep in touch with
2. ) to make it possible
3. ) to carry out research
4. (to be engaged in re-
search)
5. ) scientific report
) both in the laboratory
6. and in the Meld
7. , ) levelling and traversing
) to attend lectures and
8. classes
7.
. :
A. to attend . postgraduates
to introduce scholarship
to train lectures and classes
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to get fundamentals of engineering
to draw specialists
to present higher education
to deal with conclusions
to solve new methods
to carry out scientific reports
to depend upon problems
research courses in engineering
8. . , :
Mining Education in Great Britain
In Great Britain the students get mining education at special colleges and at mining departments of universities.
For example, the Mining Department at the University of Nottingham ranks as one of the foremost teaching and research mining schools in Great Britain. The students come to the University from all parts of the country and from abroad. The close proximity of Nottingham to mines extracting coal and different metals makes it possible for the University to keep in close touch with new achievements in mining.
The aim of training at the University is to give the student an understanding of applied science based on lectures, tutorial system,1 laboratory work and design classes. The laboratory work trains the student in accurate recording of observations, drawing of logical conclusions and presentation of scientific reports. Besides, it gives the student an understanding of experimental methods and familiarizes him (or her) with the characteristics of engineering materials, equipment and machines.
At Nottingham there are two types of laboratories, general and Specialized. General laboratories deal with the fundamentals of engineering science and specialized ones1 study the more specialized problems in different branches of engineering.
During the final two years of his course the student gets a comprehensive training in surveying. Practical work both in the field and in drawing classes forms an important part of this course. Besides, the students have practical work in survey camps during two weeks. The equipment available for carrying out traversing, levelling, tacheometric and astronomical surveying is of the latest design.
The practical and laboratory work throughout the three or four years of study forms a very important part of the course, so the stu-
dents obtain the required standard in their laboratory course work before they graduate.
British educational system is fee-paying.3 The annual fee includes registration, tuition, examination, graduation and, in the case of full-time students, membership of the Union of Students.
Students from all over the world (nearly 100 countries) study at the University of Nottingham. For many years the University has had a thriving community of international students.
The University pays much attention to learning foreign languages. For individual study there is a 16-place self-access tape library4 with a tape archive of 3,000 tapes in 30 languages. There are also 16 video work stations where the students play back video tapes or watch TV broadcasts in a variety of languages.
1. tutorial system
,
2. ones sciences
3. fee-paying . ( )
4. self-access tape library
, , , , ( ) . . :
laboratory work
design classes ()
TV broadcasts
, . .
1. In Great Britain the students can get mining education only
at special colleges.
2. The training at universities is based on tutorial system.
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3. The laboratory work familiarizes the student with modern
equipment.
4. There are three types of laboratories at the University of
Nottingham.
5. When the students study surveying, they have practical work
both in the field and in drawing classes.
6. The students from abroad don't study at Nottingham.
10. * :
1. Where can one get mining education in Great Britain?
2. Is the Mining Department at the University of Nottingham
jpne of the foremost research mining schools in Great Britain?
3. What makes it possible for the University to keep in close
touch with the, achievements in mining?
4. What are the students supposed to do in the laboratories?
5. Will the students have practical work in survey camps or in
the laboratories?
6.What do the students use surveying equipment for? 7. What can you say about studying foreign languages at the Uni-versity?
