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Ways of expressing the subject




The subject can be expressed by a single word or a group of words. Thus it can be expressed by:

1. A noun in the common case.

 

The sulky waiter brought my tea. (Du Maurier)

Marcellus slowly turned his head. (Douglas)

 

N o t e. Occasionally a noun in the possessive case is used as the subject of

the sentence.

 

Mrs. Gummidges was a fretful disposition. (Dickens)

Oh, my dear Richard, Adas is a noble heart. (Dickens)

 

2. A pronoun personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative.

 

After about an hour I heard Montgomery shouting my name. That set me

thinking of my plan of action. (Wells)

All were clad in the same soft, and yet strong silky material. (Wells)

Everyone was silent for a minute. (Wells)

Nothing was said on either side for a minute or two afterwards. (Dickens)

Theirs is not a very comfortable lodging... (Dickens)

Who tore this book? (Twain)

 

The subject is often expressed by the indefinite pronoun one or the personal pronouns they, you, we, which refer not to any particular person or persons but to people in general.

These sentences generally correspond to the same kind of sentences in Russian, but sometimes they are rendered by impersonal sentences, as will be seen in the examples given below.

 

Yes, muttered Jon, lifes beastly short. One wants to live forever.

(Galsworthy)

, , . .

A day is like a page in a book, one cannot read it without commas and

periods. (Heym)

, .

They say hes clever they all think theyre clever. (Galsworthy)

, , .

Howard, you introduce every statement with they say. I want to know who

is they. (Gow and DUsseau)

, . ,

.

 

N o t e. They is used when the speaker is excluded, one when the speaker is

included.

 

There are some things you cant talk to anyone about. (Voynich)

, .

It was good to be alive. Say what you like you couldnt beat it. (Galsworthy)

. , .

Every pleasure is transitory. We cant eat long. If we indulge in harmless

fluids we get the dropsy, if in exciting liquids we get drunk. When I say we ,

my dear, I mean mankind in general. (Dickens)

. .

, ,

, .

, , .

 

3. A substantivized adjective or participle.

 

The Privileged have seen that charming and instructive sight. (Galsworthy)

The wounded were taken good care of.

 

4. A numeral (cardinal or ordinal).

 

Of course, the two were quite unable to do anything. (Wells)

The first and fourth stood beside him in the water. (Wells)

 

5. An infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction.

 

To live is to work.

To be a rich man,Lieutenant, is not always roses and beauty. (Heym)

For him to come was impossible.

 

6. A gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction.

 

Lying doesnt go well with me. (Heym)

Winning the war is what counts. (Heym)

Annettes being French might upset him a little. (Galsworthy)

 

7. Any part of speech used as a quotation.

 

On is a preposition.

No is his usual reply to any request.

 

8. A group of words which is one part of the sentence, i. e. a syntactically indivisible group.

 

Yet at this very time their friend and defender is darkly groping towards the

solution. (Fox)

 

Here the subject represents one person.

 

The needle and thread is lost.

 

Here the needle and the thread are treated as one thing.

This is not to be confused with homogeneous subjects where two persons or things are meant and consequently the predicate is in the plural.

 

Mr. Pickwick alone was silent and reserved. Doubt and distrust were

exhibited in his countenance. (Dickens)

 

There are other kinds of syntactic units.

 

There were a number of carved high back chairs. (Dreiser)

Theres a lot of truth in that, of course. (London)

 

9. A quotation group.

 

I shant be able to give you very much, he had said. Perhaps this whats-his-name will provide the cocoa. (Galsworthy)

 

N o t e. There are sentences where the subject is. introduced by the

construction there is, e. g. There is nothing on the table. In this case nothing is

the subject and there is part of the predicate.

 





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