Future Simple | Future Continuous | Future Perfect | Future Perfect Continuous |
+ I will type.= Illtype He /She/It/We/You/They will type. = lltype. - I/He She/It/We/You/They will not type = wonttype ? WillI/he/she/ittype? Will we/you/they type? * Shall I, we , . Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall I do it right away? | + I will be typing.= Illbe typing. He/She/It/ We/You/They will be typing. = ll be typing. - I/He She/It/We/You/They will not be typing. = wontbe typing. ? Will I /he/she/it be typing? Willwe/you/theybe typing? | + I will have typed. = Illhave typed. He/She/It/We/You/They will have typed. ll have typed. - I/He She/It/We/You/They will not havetyped. = wonthave typed. ? Will I/he/she/it havetyped? | + I will have been typing. = Illhave been typing. He/She/It/ We/You/They will have been typing.= ll have been typing. - I/He She/It/We/You/They will not have been typing. = wonthave been typing. ? Will I/he/she/it have been typing? Willwe/you/theyhave been typing? |
Future Simple | Future Continuous | Future Perfect | Future Perfect Continuous |
We havent decided about our holiday yet. Most probably, well goto Nice this summer. | Im sorry, Fred. We cant meet at 10 oclock. This time tomorrow morning, Ill be takingmy driving test. | I expect she will have changed her mind bytomorrow. | By next Friday, Samuel and his friends will have been cruisingin the Mediterranean for about two weeks. |
Willyougo to France on holiday this summer? Yes, we will. Wont you gotoCanada this summer? No, we wont. | Will you be taking your driving test at this time tomorrow morning? Yes, I will. Wont you be taking your driving test at 9 oclock? No, I wont. | Willshehave changedher mind by tomorrow? - Yes, (I think) she will. Wontshe have changed her mind by tomorrow? - No, (Im afraid) she wont. | Wonttheyhave been cruisingin the Mediterranean for three weeks by next Friday? No, they wont. Willtheyhave been cruisingin the Mediterranean for about two weeks by next Friday? Yes, they will. |
You will go on holiday to France, wontyou? - Yes, (I think) we will. You wont go on holiday to anada this year, willyou? - No, we wont. | Youll be taking your driving test at 10 oclock tomorrow morning, wontyou? - Yes, I will. You wont be taking your driving test at 9 oclock tomorrow, willyou? - No, I wont. | She will have changed her mind by tomorrow, wont she? - Yes, (I think) she will. She wont have changed her mind by tomorrow, will she? - No, (Im afraid) she wont. | By next Friday, they will have been cruisingin the Mediterranean for about two weeks, wontthey?- Yes, they will. They wont have been cruisingin the Mediterranean for a month by that time, will they? - No, they wont. |
Where will you go on holiday this summer? - Well goto Nice this summer. When willyou goto France? This summer. Who will go with you to Nice this summer? My friend Nadine will. | What willyou be doing at 10 oclock tomorrow morning? - Ill be takingmy driving test. Who else will be taking a driving test at this time? We will. | Why will she have changed her mind by tomorrow? Who will have changed her mind by tomorrow? | How long willthey have been cruising there by that time? - By that time, Samuel and his friends will have been cruisingin the Mediterranean for about two weeks. Who will have been cruisingin the Mediterranean for about two weeks - Samuel and his friends will. |
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Future Simple | Future Continuous | Future Perfect | Future Perfect Continuous |
tomorrow the day after tomorrow one of these days next week/month/year in a week in two days six weeks/ ten years, etc. from now I dont know/ doubt/wonder if/when (he will) | this time tomorrow this time nextFriday/ week/ month/year | by the time(he comes) by6oclock/ January, etc. by then not till/until before | bythe time (he comes) for an hour more than two hours four years, etc. |
, , ( ) . 1. , () . , , , , . : I (dont) think, Im sure, Im afraid, I believe/ expect/, suppose/ doubt; certainly, perhaps, probably, maybe etc. Perhaps, life will be better fifty years from now. Im afraid he wont come tomorrow. I dont think he will return in a few days. 2., , , , . promise, swear, guarantee, I hope. Ring your mother or she will worry. Be quiet or Ill send you out. () Of course, Ill help you with this job. ( ) I hope youll pass all your exams. ( ) 3. , , . Spring will come soon. Tomorrow will be Friday. My sister Ann will be sixteen next month. 4. г, , Ill buy her this handbag. Ill pay in cash. Oh no, Ill pay by credit card. Will you ? - , . Will you tell me the time please? Will you explain how to do it? Will you stay with us for lunch? Will you have a cup of tea? Shall I /we?. , , . Shall I explain it to you? (= Do you want me to explain it to you?) Compare: Shall I help you in the kitchen? Will you help me in the kitchen? , , . Any suggestions? What shall we do tonight? - Shall we go to our favourit café? (=Why don't we go to our favourite cafe?) What shall I do with these letters? - Leave them on my desk. ● Lets , shall we? Lets go, shall we? Lets buy her these flowers, shall we? - OK. Lets. ● when, if*/whether ( ) , , (I dont know, I doubt, I wonder) ? : (?), . C ( ?), . He doesnt know when the manager will come. I doubt if they will support us. ! ● if, unless, when, as soon as, until, after, before (the Present Simple or Present Perfect) Ill call you as soon as the plane lands. We wont begin until everyone arrives. : I doubt ifthey will give us adiscount. ( ) If () you give us a discout,well buy more units.- | 䳿 / , . 1.ij , . This time next week well be skiing in Courchevel. When you come to see me tomorrow Ill be working in the garden. Dont call her now. She will be sleeping. 2. ij, , ( the Present Continuous). Ill be seeing Dan at the meeting, so Ill certainly tell him about it. (, , , , , , ) Professor Swan will be giving another lecture tomorrow morning. (= is giving) 3. , . all day tomorrow, all the time, the whole evening . (= be going to be doing smth) I will be preparing for my final test all day tomorrow. (=Im going to be working) Will you be working all day? 4. . , , . Will you be using the photocopier for long? N, why? I urgently need to make a photocopy of this letter. Will you be passing the post office when youre out?- Probably. Why? - I need some envelopes. Could you get me some? : Will you be staying for dinner? ( ) Will you stay for dinner? ( ) 5. , . , When will you be seeing Mrs Blake? , When will you see Mrs Blake? | , , . 1. 䳺, finish, complete, retire . They will have completed the new bridge by the end of the year. He wont have retired till the year 2020. Hopefully, youll have learnt everything by the time you sit the exam. 2. 䳺, Future Perfect Continuous. By the end of this year my son George will have been there for three years. (: George will have been living there for three years.) | 1. ij . 2. 䳺: learn, live, rain, sit, study, travel, wait, work . By the time you finish your work, Ill have been waiting for more than an hour. By the time Paula gets her degree, she will have been studying law for five years. |
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be going +to (do) | Present Continuous | Present Simple |
1. , , . My sister says she is going to become a doctor. . They are going to spend two weeks in Scotland. , . Have you phoned George? Not yet, Im going to phone him after work. / . 2. , - , . Whats happening? The train isnt going to stop! , . Look at those black clouds its going torain. 쳺, - . | 1. ij, ( ), / . Im not coming to the party next week; Im taking an exam in Economics next Friday. Im meeting my parents tomorrow morning. , , . : 䳺, , (go,come, stay,drive, fly, travel, leave . ) be going to Present Continuous. Jackie is coming to our house for tea this afternoon. Im going to the market in a few minutes. | 1. Ŀ, ( , , ) (.: , ). 䳺 start, begin, finish, arrive, leave, depart take off, land . What time does your plane arrive? Next term starts on 2 February. As usual, the meeting begins at 10 tomorrow morning. |
Ѳ
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THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
Come in! Sit down, please. Dont smoke here. 䳺. , , , , , , . .
Please post this letter for me.
Try again, you can do it!
Lets eat out tonight.
Let him do it again.
Wait here!
Take these papers to the director to sign.
Dont ask me silly questions!
Enjoy your trip!
. to 䳺 dont .
Walk down this street and then take the second turning on the right.
Dont cross the street, go straight.
䳺 do.
Do be quiet!
Do come here!
Do dont 䳺.
Can I use your phone to call a taxi? Do, please. Its on the desk over there.
Shall I tell Kate what has happened? No, dont. Ill tell her myself.
䳺 , , . , , , .
Sit down, everybody!
you .
You just sit down and keep silent!
Dont you say a word! ( You dont say a word!)
always never, 䳺.
Always think before speaking.
Never touch it again!
will you/would you/can you/could you?
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Come here, will you?
Water the flowers, can you?
cant you? wont you?
Stop talking, wont you?
ϳ will you?
Dont smoke here, will you?
, , , .
Hurry up! (
Come in, please. &
, , , please, , .
Could you help me, please?
I want you to just keep quiet for a moment.
You must hand your projects in by Friday.
You mustnt speak to her in such a tone.
, , ( . .) ( . .), let, .
Let me go there!
Let us (lets) do it together.
Let him go there.
Let them do it together.
:
Let him not go there. (: Dont let him go there).
Let us not do it together/ Lets not do it together Dont lets do it together.
shall we?
Lets do it together, shall we?
lets - .
Shall we visit Ann this Sunday? Lets.
Let me see Let me think () .
What time shall we leave? Let me see. Well, two oclock will be OK.
THE NOUN
, , , , .
:
- : : dog (), dogs ();
- : : student (), students ();
, , .
(tree, anger) (Tom, Ukraine). (heat, house) (freedom, love).
, , , ().
(SimpleNouns) , , : apen, atown, milk, noise . .
(DerivativeNouns), , : ateach er, beginn ing, a mis take.
() (CompoundNouns) ( ) . : a 'schoolgirl, a 'railwayman (). : chequebook, taxpayer, newspaper, flowchart, notebook; : factory-worker, work-force, air-conditioning, tape-recorder; : employment law, insurance claim, adult education, growth rate.
': (laid back - , , ), (laid-back) (laidback).
. : + (roadman - ), + (media-shy - , ), + (solar farm - , ), - 䳺 (downlink - ), + 䳺 (learning-disabled - ). , , "passalong" ( , ) - , 䳺 , "ripstop" ( ( )) - , 䳺, "stonewall" ( ) - 䳺, . , , , , : adj. + noun: "right-brain" ( ); verb + noun: "teachware" ( , ); noun + prep.: "hand-on" (, ); noun + verb: "house-sit" ( , ).
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, "" , , , : "magnetschool" ( , ), "pie-in-the-sky" ( , , , ), "languageplanning" ( ), "freedomofinformation" ( , ).
.
(Common Nouns) : a book, a house, a day . .
(Proper Nouns) . (, Jack London, Peter); , , , , , (Ukraine, Britain, the United States, London, the Thames); , , . . (Trafalgar Square, the Daily Worker).
. , , : Sunday, Tuesday, April, November, an American, a Ukrainian . .
. , . -s, [s] [z] . , -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -es, [iz]. [iz] , -s , -se, -ce -ze, -ge:
[s] books, drops, coats, pilots, cups, accounts
[z] dogs, birds, battles, balls, chairs, firms
[iz] kisses, bushes, benches, roses,foxes, places, bridges, branches
, -th[] , [] [] -s [z]. -th , :
mouth mouths path - paths bath baths
death deaths month months
-y => -ies , -y , -s. y i:
army armies lorry lorries baby babies
spy spies company companies lady ladies
-y => -ys y , - s :
valley valleys boy boys day days
donkey donkeys guy guys way ways
-o => -oes , -o , -es:
hero heroes potato potatoes tomato tomatoes
veto vetoes echo echoes embargo embargoes
-o => -os -o -s. :
1) -o , :
bamboo bamboos embryo embryos casino casinos
kangaroo kangaroos stereo stereos radio radios
cuckoo cuckoos patio patios tatoo tatoos
kimono kimonos studio studios taboo taboos
oratorio oratorios piano pianos zoo zoos
concerto concertos soprano sopranos solo solos
contralto contraltos folio folios trio trios
2) ():
kilos (= kilograms) memos (= memoranda)
photos (= photographs) autos (= automobiles)
logos (= logotypes, logograms) limos (=limousine)
3) :
Eskimo Eskimos Filipino Filipinos
-o => -o(e)s -o -es, -s
commando commando(e)s cargo cargo(e)s
mosquito mosquito(e)s grotto grotto(e)s
tornado tornado(e)s volcano volcano(e)s
-f/ -fe => -ves , -f
fe, f v -es:
calf calves half halves knife knives leaf leaves
life lives loaf loaves self selves shelf shelves
thief thieves wolf wolves wife wives elf elves
sheaf sheaves
-f/ -fe => -fs , -f fe, -s:
chief chiefs roof roofs safe safes cuff cuffs
muff muffs gulf gulfs cliff cliffs proof proofs
belief beliefs
-f => -fs/-ves -f , -fs, -ves:
wharf wharves/ wharfs
hoof hoofs/ hooves
scarf scarves / scarfs
handkerchief handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves
dwarf dwarfs/ dwarves
-z => -zzes , -z z -es: quiz quizzes, whiz (whizz) whizzes
:
man men woman women mouse mice goose geese
foot feet tooth teeth child children ox oxen
, , . .
-a => -ae
antenna antennae/ antennas formula formulae/ formulas
- ex, -ix => -ices
apex apices/ apexes appendix appendices/ appendixes
matrix matrices/ matrixes index indces/ indexes
-is => -es
analysis analyses thesis theses basis bases
crisis crises diagnosis diagnoses hypothesis hypotheses
oasis oases parenthesis parentheses
-um => -a
agendum agenda millennium millennia/ millenniums
datum data curriculum curricula/ curriculums
medium media/ mediums
maximum maxima memorandum memoranda/
memorandumus
spectrum spectra symposium symposia/ symposiums
bacterium bacteria sanatorium sanatoria/ sanatoriums
-us => -era, -ora
genus genera corpus corpora/ corpuses
-us => -i
cactus cacti/ cactuses terminus termini
nucleus nuclei radius radii
stimulus stimuli syllabus syllabi/ syllabuses
-eau => -eaux
bureau bureaux/ bureaus plateau plateaux/ plateaus
, [z] [s]: a hundred (one) Vietnamese, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, Swiss.
:
(one) sheep (is) (two) sheep (are)
deer deer
crossroads crossroads
swine swine/swines
craft craft ( )
spacecraftspacecraft
aircraft aircraft
works works ( )
means means
barracks barracks
headquarters headquarters
series series
species species
offspring offspring
(one big) fish (3 huge) fish
(fishes ).
, , : Somekindsoffishdo not normallychangeintheplural:
carpcarp codcod mackerelmackerelpikepike
plaiceplaice salmonsalmon squid squid/ squidstrouttrout
:
crab crabs, eel eels, sardine sardines, shark sharks.
, , , :
brother-in-law brothers-in-law grant-in-aid grants-in-aid
looker-on lookers-on passer-by passers-by.
, :
forget-me-not forget-me-nots grown-up grown-ups.
man woman, :
woman-driverwomen-drivers man-servant men-servants.
, man woman :
man-eater man-eaters, man-hole man-holes, woman-hater woman-haters.
penny pence, , pennies, :
Thefareisnowtwentypence.
When you drop change at a vending machine, the pennies will fall nearby, while all other coins will roll out of sight.
, , , :
I love French wines, especially the white wines.
:
accommodation, advertising, advice, applause,baggage, brainstorming, camping, cash, chalk, change (), cloth (), clothing, courage, crockery, cutlery,damage (, ), employment, equipment, flour, food, fruit,furniture, gossip (), hair (), hardware, information, insurance, knowledge, laughter, legislation, lightning, linen,macaroni, merchandise, money, news, parking, pepper, postage, progress, research, rice, salt, sand, scenery, seaside, shopping,soap,software, spaghetti, thunder, traffic, training, transport, travel, trouble, twilight, underwear, weather, work, etc.
:
a bit/item/piece of news,a bar of chocolate/ soap, a drop of oil/ water, a grain of sand, a piece of cake/ paper/advice/ information/ furniture/ chalk, a glass/ bottle of water, a jar of jam/ honey, a clove / bulb of garlic, a rasher of bacon, a packet of rice/tea, a loaf/slice of bread, a pot of yoghurt/ honey, a pot/ cup of tea, a kilo of meat, a tube of toothpaste, a can of soda, a tin of tuna, a carton of milk, a bowl of sugar/ soup, a sheet of paper/ metal, a ball of string, a blade of grass, a heap of earth, a lump of sugar/ coal, etc.
, 䳺 . :
-ics: physics, mathematics (maths), phonetics
: gymnastics, athletics, bowls, billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts (checkers), chess,etc.
: diabetes, measles, mumps, etc.
( ) :
annals (), arms (), binoculars, bellows, belongings, board ( ), brains ( ), breeches, cattle, clothes, congratulations, contents, dregs, earnings, glasses (), grapes (), goods, greens (, ),headquarters, jeans, makings, manners (), massmedia, means, oats,odds,outskirts (), pants, personnel, pincers, pliers, police, poultry ( ), premises (), proceeds, pyjamas ( but apyjamatop/jacketis ), reins (), refreshments, remains,riches (),scales, scissors, shears,spectacles, stairs (), statistics ( ), steps (, '), suburbs (, ), surroundings, takings (, ), thanks, tights, tongs, trousers,valuables,winnings, works, etc.
, , , . , ,:
ir() airs (), ash () ashes (), cloth() clothes (), compass () compasses (), content() contents (), custom() customs (), damage() damages (), drawer() drawers (), fund() funds (), glass() glasses (), hair() hairs (), look() looks (), manner() manners (), minute() minutes (), pain() pains (), relation() relations (), saving() savings (), scale() scales (), spectacle() spectacles (), spirit() spirits (), step() steps (), wood() woods (), work() works (), etc.
people , , , , :
Most people are about as happy as they make their mind up to be. (Abraham Lincoln); Customs similar to this one are found among many peoples of the world.
䳺 , , . , . , , . : audience, class, clergy, committee, company, congregation, crew, crowd, family, gang, government, group, jury, public, staff, team, union, etc.
The team were all training hard for that match. / The team was ready for the match.
, , , , , , , , :
Tomatoes are expensive this year.
There is too much carrot in this soup.
Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. ( But: the fruits of nature, the fruits of your labour).
, beans, peas, raisins, grapes, prunes , :
There are toomanyprunesinthispie.
䳺 , , , :
Three hundred pounds is enough to buy a ring.
a/the majority of, a number of, a couple of, a group of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of), some (of), the rest of , 䳺 :
A lot of people are afraid to say what they want. That's why they don't get what they want. (Madonna)
the number of+ 䳺 : The number of people watching you is proportional to the stupidity of your action.
+ -s | a set sets a name names a boy - boys | [s] : mouth mouths [z] |
(-ge; -ce; -ze; -se;) + -s | a place places a prize prizes a horse - horses | [iz] : a house houses |
(-s; -ss; -sh; -ch; -x;) + -es | a bus buses a box boxes a class classes a church - churches | [iz] |
-o + -es | a torpedo torpedoes a hero heroes a potato - potatoes | : photos, videos, kilos : a flamingo flamingos (es) a volcano volcanos (es) |
-y + -s = ies ( ) | a city cities a spy - spies | : Kennedys, the two Germanys |
(-ay; -ey; oy;) + -s = ys | a ray rays a journey journeys | |
-f (-fe) + -s = ves [vz] | a wife wives a half halves a life - lives | : roofs, beliefs, chiefs, safes : dwarfs (ves) , hoofs (ves) , handkerchiefs (ves) : a still life () still lifes () |
+ -en | an ox oxen a child children a brother brethren (.) | |
a man men a foot feet a mouse - mice | ||
a fish two fish a Chinese many Chinese a sheep - three sheep a means numerous means | : a fish fishes ( ) | |
: -us = i | a stimulus () stimuli a bacillus () bacilli | : a bonus bonuses, a virus viruses : a radius radiuses(radii) |
-a = ae | an alumna alumnae a larva () larvae | : an area areas, a diploma diplomas, an arena arenas : a formula formulas( ) formulae ( .) |
-um = a | a stratum( .) strata an agendum agenda | : an album albums, a chrysanthemum chrysanthemums : a memorandum - memorandums, memoranda |
(-ex; -ix;) = ces | an index indices (.) an appendix appendices ( ) | : indexes ( ), appendixes ( ) |
: -s = es | a thesis theses a crisis crises | : a metropolis metropolises |
-n = a | a criterion criteria a phenomenon - phenomena | : a demon demons, an electron electrons |
a breakdown breakdowns, an assistant director assistant directors, an Englishman - Englishmen | : a mother-in- law mothers-in- law, a passer-by passers-by, a woman doctor women doctors | |
p. (page) pp. (pages) Mr. (Mister) Messrs MP (Member of Parliament) MPs VIP VIPs |
/
Countable | Uncountable | ||
, | , | ||
: | . | ||
seven days | |||
a/the | a student / the student(s) | : | |
the | the meat | ||
: many a lot of / lots of (a) few some every | many questions a lot of cars / lots of cars a few seats / few seats some ideas every man | : much a lot of / lots of a little some all | much money a lot of time / lots of time a little salt / little salt some consolation all the butter |
ij | glass iron - | a glass an iron - |
ij , | coffee - | a coffee |
light - | a light |
, 䳺
ij | -s | -ics | -s | -s | ||
sugar copper china water | advice information poetry progress | news gallows summons | gymnastics statistics mathematics politics | billiards darts dominoes draughts | measles mumps rickets shingles | Athens the UN the USA |
mathematics, statistics .. 䳺 , .
Mathematics is not taught here. .
His mathematics are poor. .
, 䳺
, | |||||
scissors | scales | binoculars | clothes | tights | pants |
dds | proceeds | goods | whereabouts | wages | contents |
attle | police | gentry | vermin | clergy | people |
г
г . . .
actor actress emperor empress prince princess
bachelor spinster sir madam hero - heroine
duke duchess monk nun steward - stewardess
conductor conductress host hostess manager manageress
earl countess landlord landlady god goddess
policeman policewoman heir heiress king queen
lad lass father mother son daughter
boy girl husband wife uncle aunt
bridegroom bride nephew niece gentleman lady
godfather godmother stepfather stepmother father-in-law mother-in-law male female barman barmaid masseur masseuse etc.
: cousin, doctor, teacher, student, neighbour. , , : aboy-friend agirl-friend, womanastronaut, he-goat she-goat.
, , , it:
bull cow gander goose ram - ewe tiger tigress
cock hen stag doe drake duck leopard leopardess
dog bitch stallion mare boar sow lion lioness
г
Ƴ | |||
man brother king bull | woman sister queen cow | traffic pumpkin hotel dog | |
he | she | it | |
: -er; -ess; -ine / ina; -ette | widower tsar host bachelor | widow tsarina hostess bachelorette | |
a boyfriend a businessman a he-cook a tom-cat a male nurse a surgeon | a girlfriend a businesswoman a she-cook a tabby-cat a nurse a woman surgeon |
³
: . , .
. - .
-s: myfathersfriend, Tomsbike.
-s -x, , -s : Charles book, theboss car.
: girls school, neighbours dog. s, -s: childrensplayground.
- , , ; , , , ; country, town, city, world, ocean, river, : amonthssalary, Saturnsrings, Londonsmuseums, Ukrainesterritory.
of: Marysroom = theroomofMary.
³ .
³ | |
Common | Possessive |
s (-) | |
a girl Irak | a girls Iraks oil deposits |
-s | - | -s |
a boys toys a sheeps skin | boys toys | workers tools sheeps skins childrens toys |
s , , , [ iz ]: Hercules labours.
Peter and Robins room | |
Peters and Robins room | |
( shop, office, house, school, hospital .. ) | at the cleaners (shop), at my aunts (house), at the dentists (office), at Madame Tussauds (museum) |
( of) | He is an old business client of my uncles. |
-
the companys office, governments views | |
, , ( worth) | a months holiday, a dollars worth |
, , , | Italys museums, Aprils projects |
country, city, world, nature, earth, sun, moon, ship, play .. | the plays title, the countrys traditions |
for consciences sake, at ones wits end |
, , of : Bobsbicycle, thebicycleofBob.
. , , , : athreeroomflat, atwodaytrip.
THEARTICLE
(TheIndefiniteArticle) (TheDefiniteArticle).
, - .
, , .
: a [ ə] - , ( ): apen, adog, aUFO, aEuropean, aone-armedbandit; an [ən] - , : anactor, anhonorarium, anFMradio, anMP, anumbrella.
the [ði:] , ( ): theair, theapple, theEEC,; [ə] , : theday, theplace,theUN, theworld.