Exercise 11. Translate the text without a dictionary:
Text B
BULLDOZER MODIFICATIONS
Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer cant. One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth and loading it into trucks.
Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making it smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited, such as in mining. A very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calfdozer.
Nevertheless, the original earthmoving bulldozers are still irreplaceable as their tasks are concentrated in deforestation, earthmoving, ground levelling, and road carving. The heavy bulldozers are mainly employed to level the terrain to make it fit to construct on. The construction, however, is mainly done by small bulldozers and loader tractors.
Notes:
evolve
substitute
scoop
calf
Exercise 12. Translate the text with a dictionary in written form:
Text C
CONTINUOUS TRACK
Continuous track, also called tank tread or caterpillar track, is a system of vehicle propulsion in which a continuous band of treads is driven by two or more wheels. This band is typically made of modular steel plates, or rubber reinforced with steel wires. The large surface area of the tracks distributes the weight of the vehicle better than steel or rubber tyres on an equivalent vehicle, enabling a continuous tracked vehicle to traverse soft ground with less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking. The prominent treads of the metal plates are both hard-wearing and damage resistant, especially in comparison to rubber tyres. The aggressive treads of the tracks provide good traction in soft surfaces but can damage paved surfaces. Special tracks that incorporate rubber pads can be installed for use on paved surfaces to prevent the damage that can be caused by all-metal tracks.
Modern tracks are built from modular chain links which together compose a closed chain. The links are jointed by a hinge, which allows the track to be flexible and wrap around a set of wheels to make an endless loop.
Agricultural and construction vehicles opt for a track with shoes that attach to the chain with bolts and do not form part of the chain's structure. This allows track shoes to break without compromising the ability of the vehicle to move and decreases productivity but increases the overall weight of the track and vehicle. Extra weight is an advantage when optimizing for traction and power over speed and mobility.
The vehicle's weight is transferred to the bottom length of track by a number of road wheels, or sets of wheels called bogies. Road wheels are typically mounted on some form of suspension to cushion the ride over rough ground.
|
|
|
Transfer of power to the track is accomplished by a drive wheel, or drive sprocket, driven by the motor and engaging with holes in the track links or with pegs on them to drive the track. A non-powered wheel, an idler, is placed at the opposite end of the track, primarily to tension the track, since loose track could be easily thrown (slipped) off the wheels. To prevent throwing, the inner surface of the track links usually has vertical guide horns engaging grooves, or gaps between the doubled road and idler or sprocket wheels.
Continuous tracks can be traced back as far as 1770 and today are commonly used on a variety of vehicles including bulldozers, excavators, tanks, and tractors, but can be found on any vehicle used in an application that can benefit from the added traction, low ground pressure and durability inherent in continuous track propulsion systems.
Notes:
opt for
bogie
Unit 8
Grammar:
Revision.
Exercise 1. Translate Text A with a dictionary and make its grammar analysis:
Text A
TRACTOR
1. A tractor (from Latin trahere pull; a conflicting history of the name is that steam tractors were originally referred to as traction engines, eventually becoming a contraction of 'traction' and 'motor') is a device intended for drawing, towing or pulling something which cannot propel itself and, often, powering it, too.
2. Most commonly the word is used to describe a vehicle intended for such a task on some other vehicle or object.
3. In Britain and India the word "tractor" usually means "farm tractor", and the use of the word "tractor" to mean other types of vehicles is familiar to the vehicle trade but unfamiliar to much of the general public.
4. In Canada and the US the word is also used to refer to a road tractor.
5. The durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks.
6. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as a dozer blade, a bucket, a hoe, a ripper, and so on.
7. The most common attachments for the front of a tractor are a dozer blade or a bucket.
8. When attached with engineering tools the tractor is called an engineering vehicle.
9. A bulldozer is a tracked-type tractor attached with a blade in the front and a rope-winch behind.
10. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their main tasks are to push or drag things.
11. Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer cannot.
12. One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth, rock and similar loose material to load it into trucks.
13. A front-loader or a loader is a tractor with an engineering tool which consists of two hydraulic powered arms on either side of the front engine compartment and a tilting implement.
14. This is usually a wide open box called a bucket but other common attachments are a pallet fork and a bale grappler.
15. Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making the machine smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited.
|
|
|
16. There are also tiny wheeled loaders, officially called Skid-steer loaders but nicknamed Bobcat after the original manufacturer, which are particularly suited for small excavation projects in confined areas.
1. Subjects and predicates; ing- forms; modal verb; function of that; ed- forms.
2. Superlative degree; infinitive; participle 2.
3. Meaning of -s; infinitive; noun group.
4. Infinitive.
5. Noun group.
6. Modal verb.
7. Superlative degree.
8. Participle 2.
9. Participle 2.
10. Subjects and predicates; infinitive; adjectives with suffixes.
11. Main and subordinate clauses and their predicates; infinitive; function of that; adjectives with suffixes.
12. Main and subordinate clauses; gerund; participle 1; infinitive.
13. Attributive clause; noun group.
14. Predicate; participle 2; noun group.
15. Passive predicate; gerund; infinitive; comparative degree; nouns with suffixes.
16. Translation of there are; participle 2; nouns with suffixes.
Translate and remember the following words:
Propel, durability, fit, hoe, rope, winch, volume, scoop, compartment, tilt, pallet, fork, grappler, skid- steer, manufacturer, ripper, lower, raise.
Exercise 2. Translate Text B with a dictionary and make its grammar analysis:
Text B
ROAD ROLLER
1. A Road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor or just a roller) is an engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations.
2. In many parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion.
3. This typically only applies to the largest examples (used for road-making).
4. Road rollers work by using the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled, the smooth finish of the rollers ensuring an even result.
5. Rollers are also used in landfill compaction.
6. Such compactors typically have knobby (sheeps-pad) wheels and do not attempt to achieve a smooth surface, merely a squashed one.
7. The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that can be operated by one man, and weighs 100 pounds, all the way up to a massive ride-on road roller weighing 44,000 lb or 20 tons and costing more than $150,000 US dollars.
8. A landfill unit can weigh 54 tons.
9. On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired vehicle weight.
10. When not filled, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between worksites.
11. Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums.
12. Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface to avoid hot asphalt (for example) sticking to the drum.
13. Hydraulic transmission permits greater design flexibility (early examples were direct mechanical drive) and reduces the number of moving parts exposed to the dust and mud associated with construction sites.
14. Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.
15. Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in front of the other (format known as 'duplex'), or three rolls, or just one, with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction.
1. Participle 2; infinitive; noun group.
2. Noun group; meaning of -less.
3. Superlative degree; gerund.
4. Subject and predicate; gerund; participle 1; absolute participle construction.
5. Noun group.
6. Infinitive; function of one.
7. Modal verb; function of one; participle 1.
8. Noun group.
9. Modal verb; infinitive; participle 2; noun group.
10. Participle 2; comparative degree; infinitive.
11. Noun group; gerund.
12. Noun group; infinitive; ing- form.
13. Subjects and predicates; words with suffixes; noun group; meaning of -s; comparative degree; participle 1; participle2.
|
|
|
14. Modal verb.
15. Participle 2.
Translate and remember the following words:
Roller, compact, concrete, foundation, propulsion, drum, short ton, fill, lubrication, provide, flexibility, reduce, member, expose, tread.
Exercise 3. Translate Text C without a dictionary:
Text C
EPA TRACTOR
During World War 2 there was a shortage of tractors in Sweden and this led to the invention of a new type of tractor called the EPA tractor (EPA was a chain of discount stores and it was often used to signify something of lacking in quality). An EPA tractor was simply an automobile, truck or lorry, with the passenger space cut off behind the front seats, equipped with two gearboxes in a row. When done to an older car with a ladder frame, the result was not dissimilar to a tractor and could be used as one.
After the war it remained popular, now not as a farm vehicle, but as a way for young people without a driver's license to own something similar to a car. Since it was legally seen as a tractor it could be driven from 16 years of age and only required a tractor license.
Later no new EPA tractors were allowed to be made, but the remaining were still legal, something that led to inflated prices and many protests from people that preferred EPA tractors to ordinary cars.
In March 31, 1975 a similar type of vehicle was introduced, the A tractor [from arbetstraktor (work tractor)]. The main difference is that A tractor has
a top speed of 30 km/h. This is usually done by fitting two gearboxes in a row and not using one of them. Volvo Duett was for a long time the primary choice for conversion to an EPA or A tractor, but, since supplies have dried up, other cars have been used, in most cases a Volvo.
Notes:
discount stores
signify
legal
Exercise 4. Translate Text D without a dictionary:
Text D
A CRAWLER TRACTOR
A crawler tractor is a construction vehicle that moves on tracks instead of wheels.
The principal design advantages of tracked over wheeled vehicles are that they are in contact with a larger surface area than would generally be the case with a wheeled vehicle. The tracks spread the vehicles weight over a larger surface area, enabling the tractor to exert a lower force per unit area on the ground. This allows the tractor to safely traverse over moister, low friction, and uneven ground like rich soil, ice and snow, or mud. The principal disadvantage is that tracks are a more complex mechanism than a wheel, and relatively prone to failure modes such as snapped or derailed tracks.
A variety of attachments can be added to the crawler tractor thereby maximizing its usability. When a dozer blade is attached to the front of the crawler tractor it is commonly known as a "bulldozer". With a loader attachment, it becomes a crawler loader.
There are two main types of crawler tracks: Christie suspension uses oversized road wheels, laying the tracking on top of the wheels creating a banana-like appearance as the tracks droop after running over the driving wheel and idler. Vickers suspension uses smaller return rollers holding the track straight from the idler to the driving wheel, making the tracks look like a sideways D-shape.
Some specialist operations use vehicles equipped with very wide tracks called Low Ground Pressure(LGP) machines, such as for peat harvesting or bog work.
Other versions are fitted with attachments such as scraper boxes, or side mounted jibs and large counter weights to lift long lengths of pipe lines for installation, usually working in groups.
|
|
|
I
A
acceleration force [qk"selq'reIS(q)n fO:s]
accomplish [q'kOmplIS] v. ,
achieve [q'tSJv] v. , ,
activate ['xktI"veIt] v.
actual ['xktSVql] adj. ,
actuate ['xktSV"eIt] v.
advanced [qd'vRnst] adj. ,
advantage [qd'vRntIG] n.
affect [q'fekt] v. ( -.)
align [q'laIn] v. ,
alignment [q'laInmqnt] n.
allow [q'laV] n. ,
alloy ['xlOI] n.
alter ['Lltq(r)] v. ()()
appliance [q'plaIqns] n. , ,
application ["xplI'keIS(q)] n. , ();
apply [q'plaI] v. ,
arm [Rm] n. ,
arrangement [q'reInGmqnt] n. , ,
assembly [q'semblI] n. ,
assist [q'sIst] v. , ,
attach [q'txtS] v.
attachment [q'txtSmqnt] n.
auxiliary [Lg'zIljqrI] adj.
axle ['xks(q)l] n.
B
backhoe ['bxkhqV] n. ,
bale [beIl] n. ,
ball joint
bear [beq(r)] v.
bearing ['beqrIN] n.
belt [belt] n.
blade [bleId] n. ,
bobcat ['bPbkxt] -
body ['bPdI] n.
boiler ['bOIlq(r)] n.
break [breIk] v. ,
breaker ['breIkq(r)] n. ,
bucket ['bAkIt] n.
bulldozer ['bVldqVzq] n. ,
bushing ['bVSIN] n. ,
C
camshaft ['kxm"SRft] n.
carry ['kxrI] v. ,
carry overloads
caterpillar ['kxtq"pIlq(r)] n. ,
chain [tSeIn] n.
circular ['sWkjVlq(r)] adj. ,
classify ['klxsIfaI] v. ,
claw [klL] n. , ; ;
clutch [klAtS] n.
compact [kqm'pxkt] v. ,
compartment [kqm'pRtmqnt] n. , ,
complete [kqm'plJt] v. ; adj. ,
component [kqm'pqVnqnt] n. ,
compress [kqm'pres] v.
compression [kqm'preS(q)n] n.
compression stroke
comprise [kqm'praIz] v. ,
concrete ['kPnkrJt] n.
condition [kqn'dIS(q)n] n. ,
confine [kqn'faIn] v.
conjunction [kqn'GANkS(q)n] n. ,
conservation of energy
construction [kqn'strAkS(q)n] n.
construction project
consumption [kqn'sAmpS(q)n] n. ,
control [kqn'trqVl] v. ,
controls n. ,
convert [kqn'vWt] v.
coupler ['kAplq(r)] n. ,
crankshaft ['krxNk"SRft] n.
crawler ['krLlq(r)] n. ,
crawler track ,
cross section
curvature ['kWvqtSq(r)] n. ,
curve [kWv] n.
cycle ['saIk(q)l] n. , ,
D
debris ['debrJ] n. ,
decrease [dI'krJs] v. ,
deliver [dI'lIvq(r)] v. ,
demand [dI'mRnd] v. ,
deposit [dI'pPzIt] v.
design [dI'zaIn] v. , ; n. ,
develop [dI'velqp] v. ,
device [dI'vaIs] n. ,
dig [dIg] v.
direction [daI'rekS(q)n, dI-] n.
distribute [dI'strIbjHt] v.
dozer [dqVzq(r)] n.
drag [drxg] v. ,
draw [drL] v. ,
drive [draIv] n. ,
driven gear
driver
driving gear
dump truck
dumpcar ['dAmp"kR(r)] ,
E
efficiency [I'fISqnsI] n. , ,
elasticity [Ilxs'tIsItI] n. ,
employ [Im'plOI] v. , ,
empty ['emptI] v. ,
equip [I'kwIp] v. ,
equipment [I'kwIpmqnt] n.
excavate ['ekskq"veIt] v.
exceed [Ik'sJd] v.
|
|
|
exert [Ig'zWt] v.
exhaust stroke
expand [Ik'spxnd] v. (), (),
external [Ik'stWn(q)l] adj. ,
F
fine grading ["faIn 'grqIdIN] (), ()
fit [fIt] v. , , , ,
fix [fIks] v.
flat [flxt] adj.
flat car -
flywheel ['flaIwJl]
follower ['fPlqVq] n.
force [fLs] n.
foundation [faun'deISqn] n. ,
frame [freIm] n.
friction ['frIkS(q)n] n.
fuel ['fjHql] n.
function ['fANkS(q)n] v. ,
functional operation
G
gantry crane ['gxntrI "krein] ,
gear [gIq(r)] n. , ,
gear ratio ['reISIqV] ,
generator ['Genq"reItq(r)] n.
glue [glH] n. ; v.
grade [greId] v. , ()
grappler ['grxplq] n. ,
gravel ['grxv(q)l] n.
groove [grHv] n. ,
H
handle ['hxnd(q)l] v. , ,
heat [hJt] n.
hoe [hqV] n.
housing ['haVzIN] n.
hydraulic [haI'drLlIk] adj. ,
I
ideal [aI'dJql] adj.
implement ['ImplImqnt] n. , ; ['ImplI"ment] v. ,
improve [Im'prHv] v.
in combination ["kPmbI'neIS(q)n] ,
in conjunction with [kqn'GANkS(q)n] ,
in the process
incline [In'klaIn] v. ()
include [In'klHd] v.
incorporate [In'kLpq"reIt] v. ,
increase [In'krJs] v. (),
indexing ['IndeksIN]
innovation ["Inq'veIS(q)n]
input force ["Input 'fLs] ,
input gear [gIq(r)] ,
install [In'stLl] v.
intake stroke
interface ['Intq"feIs] n.
internal combustion engine
item ['aItqm] n. ,
J
jib crane ['GIb "kreIn] -
join [GOIn] v.
joint [GOInt] n. ,
L
length [leNT] n. ,
lever ['lJvq(r)] n.
linear motion ['lInIq(r) "mqVS(q)n] ()
link [lINk] n. , , ; v.
load [lqVd] n. ; v.
loader ['lqVdq(r)] n. , ,
loop [lHp] n.
loose [lHs] adj. , ,
loss [lPs] n.
lubricate ['lHbrI"keIt] v. ,
M
machine [mq'SJn] n. ,
machine tool
machinery [mq'SJnqrI] n.
maintain [meIn'teIn] v. ,
manufacture ["mxnju'fxktSq(r)] v.
match [mxtS] v. ,
material [mq'tIqrIql] n. , ,
means [mJnz] n.
mechanics [mi'kxnIks] n.
mechanism ['mekq"niz(q)m] n. ,
mesh [meS] n. , v.
mobile machinery ["mqVbaIl mq'SJnqrI] ,
modify ['mPdI"faI] v.
monorail telpher ["mPnq(V)reIl 'telfq]
motion ['mqVS(q)n] n.
mount [maVnt] v. ,
move [mHv] v. (), ; n.
movement ['mHvmqnt] n.
mover ['mHvq(r)] n. ,
N
normal force ,
O
operate ['Ppq"reIt] v.
operating cost
operating member (),
operation ["Ppq'reIS(q)n] n. , ,
oscillation ["PsI'leIS(q)n] n. ,
output gear [gIq(r)] ,
overhead crane ["qVvq"hed 'kreIn]
P
pallet ['pxlIt] n. ,
pave [peIv] v.
paving ['peIvIN] ,
perform [pq'fLm] v. ,
performance [pq'fLmqns] n. , ;
permit [pq'mIt] v. ,
pile [paIl] n. ,
pinion ['pInjqn] n. ,
plane [pleIn] n.
plate [pleIt] n.
pneumatic [njH'mxtIk] adj. ,
point [pOInt] n.
polyurethane ["pPlI'jVqrq"Tein] n.
positive drive ["pPzItiv'draIv] ,
power ['paVq(r)] v. , ; n. ,
power installation ["Instq'leIS(q)n]
power machinery [mq'SJnqrI]
power shovel ['SAv(q)l]
power stroke [strqVk]
power tool [tHl]
power transmission [trxnz'mIS(q)n]
precision machine [pri'sIZ(q)n] ()
predominant [prI'dPmInqnt] adj.
pressure ['preSq(r)] n.
prevent [prI'vent] v. ,
prime [praIm] adj. , ,
principal ['prInsIp(q)l] adj. ,
produce [prq'djHs] v. ,
product ['prPdAkt] n. , ( )
propel [prq'pel] n. ,
propulsion [prq'pAlS(q)n] n. ,
provide [prq'vaId] v. ,
pull [pul] v. ,
pulley ['pulI] n.
pulley face
push [puS] v.
Q
quarry ['kwPrI] n.
R
rail [reIl] n.
rate [reIt] n. ,
ratio ['reISIqV] n.
reach [rJtS] v.
realize [' rIqlaIz ] v. ,
rear [rIq(r)] n.
reduce [rI'djHs] v.
relative to ['relqtIv] ,
removable [rI'mHvqb(q)l] adj. ,
repair [rI'peq(r)] n.
replace [rI'pleIs] v.
require [rI'kwaIq(r)] v.
requirement [rI'kwaIqmqnt] n. ,
resistance [rI'zIst(q)ns] n.
restrict [rI'strIkt] v.
retract [rI'trxkt] v. ,
reverse [rI'vWs] n.
revolution ["revq'lHS(q)n] n. ,
rigid ['rIdZId] adj. ,
ripper ['rIpq(r)] n. ,
ripper shank [SxNk]
roll [rqVl] v. ()
roller ['rqVlq(r)] n.
roller compactor [kqm'pxktq(r)]
rope winch [rqVp'wIntS]
rotate [rqV'teIt]
rotational speed
rough [rAf] adj. , ( )
rubble ['rAb(q)l] n. ,
run [rAn] v. ,
running gear ["rAnIN'gIq(r)]
S
saving ['seIvIN] n.
scoop [skHp] n.
scoop(up) v. ,
scraper ['skreIpq(r)] n. (, )
screw [skrH] n.
seat [sJt] n.
secondary ['sekqndqrI] adj. ,
segment ['segmqnt] n. , ; v.
selection [sI'lekS(q)n] n.
self- dumping ["self'dAmpIN]
self- propelled ["selfprq'peld]
series ['sIqrJz] n. ,
service ['sWvIs] n. , ; v.
shaft [SRft] n. ,
shape [SeIp] n.
shove [SAv] v. ,
shovel ['SAv(q)l] n.
side [saId] n.
single force ["sINg(q)l'fLs] , a
sink [sINk] v. ,
site [saIt] n.
size [saIz] n.
skid steer ["skId'stIq(r)] ,
slide [slaId] v. ;
n.
sliding distance ["slaIdIN'dIst(q)ns]
sliding interface ['Intq"feIs]
slip [slIp] v. ; n.
slip off v.
smooth [smHD] adj. , ,
solution [sq'lHS(q)n] n. ,
solve [sPlv] v. , ()
source [sLs] n.
specific weight [spI"sIfIk'weIt]
speed [spJd]
speed ratio
squash [skwPS] v. ,
staple ['steIp(q)l] n. ; v.
stationary ['steISqnerI] adj. ,
steam engine ["stJm'endZIn]
straight [streIt] adj. ; adv.
stroke [strqVk] n.
subdivide ['sAbdI'vaId] v. ()
substitute ['sabstI"tjHt] v. ,
suit [sjHt] v. , ,
supply [sq'plaI] v.
support [sq'pLt] v.
suspension [sq'spenS(q)n] n.
sustain [sq'steIn] v. ()
swivel ['swIv(q)l] v. ,
T
tend to [tend] v.
tension ['tenS(q)n] n. ,
tilt [tIlt] v. ,
timing ['taImIN] ,
timing belt
tool [tHl] n.
toothed [tHTt]
torque [tLk] n. ,
torque divider [dI'vaIdq(r)] ,
touch [tAtS] v.
tow [tqV] v. ,
tower crane ['taVq(r)"kreIn]
track [trxk] n. ()
trackless adj. ['trxklqs]
traction ['trxkS(q)n] n.
traction engine -,
transfer [trxns'fW(r)] v. ,
transform [trxns'fLm] v. , ,
transmission [trxnz'mIS(q)n] n. ; ,
transmit [trxnz'mIt] v.
travel ['trxv(q)l] v. , ; n.
tread [tred] n. ,
truck [trAk] n.
tungsten ['tANst(q)n] n.
turn [tWn] v. (), ()
twist [twIst] v. ,
tyre ['taIq(r)] n.
V
v-belt ["vJ'belt]
variable ['veqrIqb(q)l] adj.
vehicle ['vJIk(q)l] n.
versatility ["vWsq'tIlItI] n. ,
W
walking gear ["wLkIN'gIq(r)]
wear [weq(r)] n. , v.
wedge [wedZ] n. ; v. ,
wedging action
weight [weIt] n.
weigh [weI] v.
weld [weld] v. ,
wheel [wJl] n.
Content
Unit 1 3
Grammar: Parts of Speech; The Structure of the Sentence; There+ be; Noun group.
Text A Machine 3
Text B Lever 8
Text C The Wheel And Axle 9
Unit 2 10
Grammar: Tenses, Active and Passive.
Text A Machine Parts 10
Text B Pulley 16
Text C Plain Bearing 16
Unit 3 18
Grammar: Modal Verbs; Degrees of comparison; Functions of one and that
Text A Belts 18
Text B Rack and Pinion 23
Text C Torque 23
Unit 4 25
Grammar: Complex Sentences; Sequence of Tenses.
Text A Power Installations of Construction Machinery 25
Text B Clutch 31
Text C Roller Chains 32
Unit 5 33
Grammar: Participle; Absolute Participle Construction
Text A Running Gear 33
Text B Engine Lubrication System 38
Text C A Power Shovel 39
Unit 6 41
Grammar: Gerund
Text A Backhoe Loader 41
Text B Wheel Tractor-Scraper 45
Text C Grader 45
Unit 7 48
Grammar: Infinitive; Infinitive Construction (Complex Object, Complex Subject)
Text A Bulldozer 48
Text B Bulldozer Modifications 53
Text C Continuous Track 53
Unit 8 55
Grammar: Revision
Text A Tractor 55
Text B Road Roller 57
Text C EPA Tractor 59
Text D A Crawler Tractor 60
I 61
- 149
:
..
